The Catcher in The Rye: Depression Catcher

American Lit 12, March 2012 low backstop Do you pee-pee helpless breaklook on your machineriage? One sharp its an outburst of anger. The next youre crying uncontrollably. Do you need help? The Catcher In The Rye is a novel based of the main credits point of view, his name is Holden Caulfield. Set in 1950s rising York and California, where Holden is a mental hospital telling us, the readers, most his few long time after leaving Pency. The movie Ferris Bullers Day Off , also go under in Chicago, is a movie based in the 1980s. Ferris makes his friends skip condition and run all around town screening to make Cameron have fun.In both the film and novel, you recognise m both examples of depression and suicidal thoughts from both Holden and Cameron. Teenagers face a lot of pressures, from puberty to questions about who they are and where they decease in. In The Catcher In The Rye, Holden runs a expressive style from his fancy high school, Pency, 3 days before break begins. He felt isolated with no friends. I almost wished I was dead (48). Holden had just gotten in a fight with his roommate, Stradlater. Now Ackley was trying to have a conversation about the fight with Holden but he keeps talking nonsense to Ackley.In Ferris Buellers Day Off, Cameron, Ferris ruff friend always seems to be sick. His family isnt really in his life and when they are, they seems to only bring him down. In the beging scene of Cameron, he is in fanny acting like hes dying. Holden arranges .. she wouldntve been the unrivalleds that answered the phone. My parents would be the ones. So that was out (pg. 59). He doesnt seem to have a great kindred with his parents either. Holden wants to talk to his little sister Pheobe or anyone for that matter. He feels isolated inside himself which makes him depressed.Cameron is the same in that he is very awkward and no one really seems to want to be friends with him. Towards the end of the book, Holden takes a visit to see Pheope but is u nable to find her. He looks in the park and museum. The stovepipe thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. Nobodyd move. You could go there a ascorbic acid thousand times, and that Eskimo would still be just finished catching those deuce fish, the birds would still be on their way south, the deer would still be drinking out of that water hole, with their pretty antlers and their pretty, skinny legs, and that squaw with the naked chest ould still be weaving that same blanket (pg. 121). Therefore, Holden would love to endure in a world where everything stays frozen, where nothing changes. This way, Holden can never grow up to be an adult. Cameron is very mad after they got the car back because of all the miles that were added. He goes in to shock and is unable to move. Ferris and Sloan try their best to get him out of it but he wont budge. While at the pool, Cameron falls in, almost committing suicide. Ferris jumps in to save.Cameron star ts to laugh expression I got you good. Holden goes home to find Pheobe. Phoebe is the only someone Holden seems to actually like and have a stable friendship end-to-end the novel. She is the only one who tries to push him to do better You fall apartt like any schools. You dont like a million things (pg. 169). When Holden hears this, he becomes upset and states I do Thats where youre wrong-thats exactly where youre wrong Why the hell do you have to say that I said. Boy, was she depressing me. Holden and Cameron are depressed teenagers who have suicidal thoughts because of depression. Depression severe despondency and dejection, accompanied by feeling of hopelessness and inadequacy, a condition of mental disturbance, typicaly with lack of energy and difficulty in maintaining constriction or interest in life. People who are depressed dont look for a way out. They have zero motive and are always second guessing stuff. They think the only way out is death suicide. Just like what Ho lden and Cameron seem to feel.

Emotional Eating Essay

Emotional take in is a disorder that involves the intake of food as motivated by an one-on-ones frantic state instead of biological processes (Canetti, Bachar, & Berry, 2002). Even if an respective(prenominal) is not hungry or already full, eat uping still continues as response or coping mechanism for certain frantic states, usually negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, confusion, loneliness, or sadness. Emotions related to reach alike cause mad take. The common view of stirred eating is as a temporary condition triggered by the onset of certain emotions.Commonly, this becomes a problem for passel only when this has progressed to other problems such as embossment or obesity. Nevertheless, the good turn of bulk experiencing worked up eating supported efforts to brood the emotional problem in clinical practice. Emotional eating could too lead to serious physiological and psychological health problems if unresolved as well as comprise the possible manifestation o f other rudimentary clinical problems. Addressing emotional eating becomes a preventive measure and ancestor to more serious problems.Existing interventions include psychiatric counseling and nourishment monitoring by a nutritionist (Field et al. , 2008). However, the intervention of emotional eating depends on individualized diagnosis (Buchanan, 2004) because of variances in the causes and manifestations of the condition in diametric people. Emotional eating is a disorder with environmental and psychological components. These deuce components explain the causes and manifestations of emotional eating and point to intervention or treatment options that should consider these devil components. The environmental component of emotional eating refers to two causes of the disorder.One is social eating or the common practice of socialisation around food. Social gatherings usually bond around food with people consuming more than usual to celebrate an occasion. It is in like manner co mmon for friends squ ar each other and providing support, to eat comfort foods that atomic number 18 usually lavishly in sugar. The other is the childhood habit of food as a doer of expressing care or reward resulting to the development of emotionally dictated affixation to food in adulthood. The celebration of every success is food, with the sum reflecting the value of the success to the person.All situations requiring comfort too calls for food intake. (Field et al. , 2008) The psychological component revolves around stress as the trigger for emotional eating. emphasise elevates the cortisol levels of individuals. Cortisol is a hormone rel easementd by the body to serve to stress through heightened mental functioning or boost of energy. However, unwarranted release of cortisol could cause people to crave for food. Anxiety and depression could also cause people to eat to calm themselves or to ease their discomfort. (Canetti et al. , 2002) Current and Future Research and Treatment Directions on Emotional alimentationThe current research on emotional eating focuses on the causes and manifestations of emotional eating to diagnose individuals, the role of constitution typologies in aiding diagnosis and identifying peril groups, the consideration of gender as a ways of determining encounter groups, and treatment options. One explanation for emotional eating is general dissatisfaction. A study determining the propensity to engage in emotional eating of individuals, by using Maslows hierarchy of needs, indicated that people placing themselves at the deject levels of the needs hierarchy have a higher propensity to eat to ease their dissatisfaction.(Timmerman & Acton, 2001) Mood association evolved as another explanation for emotional eating. Depression and negative wits have strong effects on emotional eating. The motivation for emotional eating is to do it the well-known pleasure in eating food, especially comfort foods such as sweets or throw awa y food. Taking of midnight snacks due to the inability to sleep because of anxiety, depression and bad mood supported the association. (Bekker, van de Meerendonk, & Mollerus, 2004 Grilo & Masheb, 2004) Human ecology also emerged as a causal explanation for emotional eating.The positive factors associated to food determine emotional attachment to food in times of anxiety, depression or stress. The media also tempers peoples emotional attachment to food. (Field et al. , 2008) Research on the means of diagnosing emotional eating and other closely related eating disorders focused on personality typologies to help in identifying risk groups. masses with personality disorders comprise a significant number of people diagnosed with emotional eating and other eating disorders (Picot & Lilenfeld, 2003).Individuals with low self-esteem are also more susceptible to eating disorders (Beeker et al. , 2004). Impulsiveness and thrill-seeking behaviors are also more believably to develop eating di sorders with the fulfillment of cravings made to satisfy the need to experience new sensations (Grilo & Masheb, 2004). Gender, age and race are also focus of studies on risk groups for emotional eating. The study of night eating showed that men are more likely to eat food after dinner (Grilo & Masheb, 2004).Women and nonage groups have greater concerns over shape and weight due to media go and cultural norms leading to the perception of food as tempting pleasures. This leads to the attachment of comfort and pleasure to food. (Patel, Pratt, & Walcott, 2003 Ross & Wade, 2004 Vingerhoets, Nyklicek, & Denollet, 2008) There are two interlinked research trends on interventions for emotional eating. One is prevention through early detection via psychological tests. The questionnaire for eating disorders (Q-EDD) could be a diagnostic measure for emotional eating intended to apply to all eating disorders (Callahan et al., 2003 Milos et al. , 2005). This is a general diagnostic test for all kinds of eating disorders with psychological components. The emotional eating shield (EES) remains an important specific tool in determining people susceptible to emotional eating as well as identifying the initiation of concurrent disorders such as depression or personality disorders. (Palmer, 2005 Courbasson, Rizea, & Weiskopf, 2008) Interviews are important diagnostic tools in determining case history and personality factors (Callahan et al., 2003 Palmer, 2005). The other research trend is treatment, which could be either inpatient or outpatient depending on the co-occurrence of other disorders. The goal of treatment could be the operation of vigorous weight through behavioral weight management programs, embossment of physical complications, management of co-occurring psychological disorders through drug administration and/or psychotherapy, and ensuring non-relapse through self-help strategies (Pritts & Susman, 2003).Other interventions include anxiety and stress management , diet, exercise, and an overall healthy lifestyle for people without co-occurring psychological disorders to stop emotional eating. A number of alternative treatments exist to stop emotional eating by targeting stress such as acupuncture, relaxation exercises, and herbal medicine. (Cleary & Crafti, 2007)

Think Before You Act

Think in the lead You Act E veryday whateverone loses a person dear to them. You never know if it will be your subsist day here in this world. We all just live day to day and dont realize tomorrow could be our last. Its nonetheless worse when it could take up been prevented. Choices we make sight imp roleplay our lives and persons around us. People say things put across for a reason, and that God has a plan for all of us. We wont know the truth until something tragic happens each of us. June 24, 2011 was the day that I incapacitated a close friend forever. I remember that day want it happened yesterday.You dont for catch up with days same(p) that when your life changes forever. The nighttime of the accident, a young man decided to leave a quit and stab with his blood alcohol content over three propagation the legal limit. He ended up driving the wrong(p) authority on the highway and collided head-on with another vehicle. Both drivers were pronounced inanimate on the scene. My friend was a victim of a drunk driver. He graduated from high school two weeks before his death. Not even eighteen years old and still had a life to live. Bryant Hernandez was an individual who left a mark on everyone he came in get to with.You wouldnt hypothesise a seventeen year old would scram a huge impact on people he came across, unless he did. Bryant did everything he could to put a smile on your face. He seemed to always know what to say to cheer you up. I met Bryant when I was a senior in high school. Since I had to have an elective I ended up taking a child knowledge class. manner of walking through the class I noticed that we were all misss except for one. He was sitting at a table alone and looking at very uncomfortable. I would feel awkward to taking a child development class with a bunch of girls.Bryant looked in my direction when I started to cost him. Do you mind if I sit with you? I asked. Well you atomic number 18 already sitting down so I gues s I dont have much of a choice. Bryant said with a smirk on his face. I couldnt help simply laugh. I knew from that moment I was going to like having him in this class. Eventually it cancelled out to be one of my favorite classes. He was my go to poke fun for everything. Bryant knew how to make me feel better when things got tough. At the time small things like that werent that important.But now I would give anything to go back and nurse those moments with him. Its been over a year since the accident and Ive agnise choices you make can have major consequences. When I was a teen I made stupid decisions like the guy who killed my friend. I didnt think about anyone else. All I cargond about was having fun and quick in the moment. I didnt care when people told me not to drive home drunk. Well living in the moment doesnt get you anywhere. You may get away with it a couple of times barely eventually it will catch up to you.After his death I model a lot about my actions. Watching his parents say there last words to him and how tired they looked, I couldnt imagine what they went through and what they are still currently going through. I imagined how my parents would react. I cant help but want to cry. It makes me sick to know how selfish I was when I was younger. Bryants death was a wakeup call for me and hopefully some(prenominal) others. Driving drunk will never cross my mind again. With everything I do now I take a moment to think about it and to make sure that it is the right decision to make.I know Bryant is looking down smiling and saying About time you changed, you hard headed girl My friend may not be here anymore but him passing on made his family and friends realize things you love can comfortably be taken away from you in a flash. Selfishness is very commons and realizing that our actions can affect our own lives and the people we love so dearly. If moments can be prevented then prevent them. Teaching others to think before they act can impact a lot of people from making the wrong decisions. In time everyone with have their own personal reality checks some faster than others.

Holistic care approaches used in healthcare Essay

The objective of this assignment is to evaluate holistic portion out approaches used in healthc be within the acute c argon setting specific all(prenominal)y relating to the role of Assistant Pr maskitioners.Holistic c ar takes into esteem an individuals genial, sociological and genial health postulate. Using a holistic approach to wish enhances the experience for my unhurrieds and families (Erickson 2007). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (2010) defines holistic medicine as a system of comprehensive or make sense patient care that considers the physical, emotional, accessible, economic and spiritual needs of the person, taking into thoughtfulness a person as a whole. Over the old a few(prenominal) decades the focus of medical care has shifted from hatchment of a disease and or injury to treatment of a patient (Henning, 2013).Holism has a abundant history derived from a Greek-indo -European root holos or hale, meaning whole, healthy, healing, holy and the act of caring (Auyang,1999). The first produce literature in relation back to holistic care was produced by Florence Nightingale in her book Notes on Nursing, which set forth the work of nurses as putting patients in the best condition for temper to act upon them (Nightingale, F 1969). except the concept of holism was first outlined by polymath Jan Smuts in 1927, as the tendency in personality to form wholes that are greater than the sum of the parts through original evolution (Smuts. 1927).Different theories on holism induct been widely support and promoted in healthcare since the 1960s, when Florence Nightingale first identified the importance of treating patients individually, as opposed to solely treating the illness (Dossey & Keegan 2009). However this concept is new in Emergency medicine, and has been derived from the recent conflict in Afghanistan. The Army pain way task force create best practice based on a holistic, multidisciplinary, integrative approach to care (Schoolmaker, 2009). The Nursing Midwifery council (2008) states that all nurses must practice in a holistic, non-judgemental, caring and sensitive air. end-to-end this assignment the names of patients, and family members havebeen substituted to comply with the Data Protection correspond (1998) in parade to safeguard their identities and ensure confidentiality is maintained as per NHS form _or_ system of government (2012). Mr. T attended the Emergency Department (ED) after taking a poly-pharmaceutical overdose and collapsing sustaining superficial lacerations to his arms and face. Mr. T was an unkempt gentleman of warmness age who was wearing soiled clothes and looked malnourished.Mr. T was known to have some minor learning difficulties and was a frequent attendee to the ED, imputable to his long extensive history of intoxi thunder mugt and illicit drug abuse. fixedness attendees to the ED often suffer from alcohol and or substance misuse, where home plateless and socially disengaged (C herpitel C 1995). Little & Watson (1996) found that frequent attendees to the ED where at venture of bias care, because they often did non adhere to medical advice or except support resulting in frustration amongst staff during vigorous times.Pirmohamed et.al. (2000) published figures stating that the majority of alcohol-related ED patients are 1860 years of age, and roughly 20% of these involve a serious health problem over repayable to long-term alcohol and drug misuse. Blenkiron et.al. (2000) identified that 15-25% of suicides and deliberate self-harm is associated with prolonged alcohol misuse, a battle Mr. T had been fighting against for several years. Mr. T had been exploitation cannabis from a young age which studies have indicated an increased risk of self-harm and suicide attempts, (Beautrais, et.al 1999). Cannabis has also been headspring documented to contribute to psychiatric and depressive dis rescripts (Andereasson, et al 2002) & (Moore, et.al. 2007).Abraham Ma slow (1908-1970) was a humanistic psychologist who developed his conjecture, the hierarchy of needs (1943) a five stage pose of motivational needs often render as a pyramid. The five stages are divided into Psychological, safety, social, esteem and self-actualization. He believed that the lower levels of the pyramid have to be satisfied before a person could move up. Each stage was further defined stating the final level was what every human required to survive such as fodder, shelter, water, sex, air, clothing, to the top being the pinnacle of each persons authorization in life who is able to pursue inner talent, creativity and fulfillment (McLeod, 2007). At this point Mr. T was barley functioning at the lowest level as hewas unable to meet his grassroots nutritionary needs and lacked warm clean clothing or shelter. Lack of food can affect a persons mood, behavior and judgement function, (Pessoa, 2008). I provided Mr. T with food and clean warm clothing, in order to assi st with some of Mr. Ts basic humanistic mental needs, as advocated by Maslow (1943) alongside his medical treatment, demonstrating a comprehensive holistic approach to care.Rutledge (2011) another psychologist disagreed with Maslows possibility and developed her own theory Maslow Rewired, stating none of these needs starting with basic survival on up, are possible without social connection and collaboration, and that humans require community, Love and the persuasion of belonging before harvesting the ability to survive, although this is very much more(prenominal) associated with the 21st century. However substantive evidence has accumulated over the past few decades showing that social ties and social support are positively and casually related to mental health, physical health and longevity (Berkman, 1995). However Mr. T had no relatives other than his brother, who was estranged due to Mr. Ts extensive alcohol abuse. He was disengaged from services, refused social support and o ften did not adhere to medical advice.The tablets and quantities Mr. T had taken did not require whatever immediate treatment likewise the lacerations to his arms and face required token(prenominal) intervention, however Holistic nursing as advocated by Dossey & Keegan (2009) treats the entire patient. so as a holistic practitioner I investigated Mr. Ts Psychological issues through gentle word whilst a colleague refined his wounds and administered medication to squinch the effects of alcohol withdrawal, thus assisting with Mr. Ts Physical effects which in turn will assist with his psychological needs. Alcohol is a drug with complex behavioural effects that can be pleasurable when consumed in moderation but can be unpleasant when misused, (Swift, 1999).Mr. T was initially withdrawn and reluctant to discuss his mental health problems, however through gentle questioning whilst undertaking basic tasks, a accomplishment often used by nurses as indicted by Berg et al (2007). Mr. T started to disclose information in relation to his psychological behaviour. Whilstdiscussing such issues with Mr. T it is important to maintain good heart contact and engage in a moderate amount of social touch, as this is perceived by patients as a more empathetic clinician (Montague 2013). A similar approach is advocated by, McCann & McKenna (1993) whilst Bamford Wade & Kimble (2013) promote compassionate earreach in addition to touch when dealing with patients in crisis. Therefore it was necessity to speak slowly and use appropriate body and facial spoken colloquy to demonstrate empathy and understanding to the patient. Throughout the discussion non-verbal listening skills are respectfully used. Egan (1994) offers the acronym SOLER, an approach used in counselling which stands for S Sit substantiveO Open PostureL Lean slightly send onE Eye contactR RelaxHowever jibe to Stickley (2011) the school of nursing and midwifery has introduced a new model to student nurses, the Acronym SURETY, which stands forS Sit at an angleU Uncross legsR RelaxE Eye contactT TouchY Your intuitionThis approach by and by adds in touch as advocated by McCann & McKenna (1993) along with your intuition. A nurses intuition is not a new concept and studies have been carried out since 1978, (Gerrity 1987) however it is a skill widely associated with experience (Hams 2000). Intuition has been acknowledged by clinicians and scholars as a vital component of clinical judgment and decision making (Rew 2007). Mr. T responded well to this approach of conference.Carl Rogers (1961), another humanistic psychologist developed the theory ticker conditions which is the basic attitudes that councillors should display in order to show acceptance of the thickening and valuing them as a human being, and include Congruence, empathy and respect. Like Rutledges (2011)approach, Rogers (1959) believed everyone needs to feel loved, valued and unconditional regard, to achieve Maslows fi ndings that all humans aim to self-actualize and fulfill their potential (1961). During the assessment it is essential to communicate legally, minimize barriers such as using medical terminology in discussion as advocated by, Minardi & Riley (2007). Physicians frequently use medical words during consultations leading to lingo that is potentially misunderstood thus impairing effective communication (Blackman & Sahebjalal 2014)Good communication skills allow patients and relatives alike to express their concerns and needs, later on building trust surrounded by them and the healthcare professional, demonstrating a two way circle of communication, identified as the most effective method by Schramm (1954). The Johari Window is a model created by Luft & Ingham (1995) and used by healthcare professionals whilst communicating with patients, that encourages self-awareness and understanding of others, ensuring practitioners are aware of their own beliefs, principles, attitudes and streng ths in order to help their patients.There are some barriers to providing effective communication, as the ED is a very busy loud environment which can hinder effective communication and perhaps result in communication overload Woloshynowych et al (2007). However by simply taking a patient or relative absent from these areas and into a quiet room, communication barriers can be minimised.Mr. T responded well to the approaches used, and had not spoken of his feelings or depression for a long time. Mr. T explained that he had lived with his mother up to the age of twelve when she passed away interest a lifetime of alcohol abuse and that this was the only life he knew. Psychologist Albert Bandura believed children imitate behaviors witnessed as they grow up which was illustrated in the experiment The Bobo annulus, (McCleod 2007).Since becoming reliant on drugs and alcohol Mr. Ts mental state had significantly deteriorated thus exacerbating his addiction and leading to unemployment and subsequently homelessness. ascribable to the fact Mr. T was disengaged from services and had no family support he was feelingincreasingly isolated and unloved thus amplifying Rogers. C (1961) theory OF Core Conditions however Mr. T was reluctant to change. DiClemente & Prochaska (1998) developed the Transtheoretical Model of turn which is primarily associated with addiction and the willingness to change. The five stages of this are 1. Precontemplation Unwillingness to change2. consideration Consideration of change3. Preparation Commitment to change4. Action alteration of behaviour takes place5. Maintenance lifelong avoidance of relapseMr. T was currently at the precontemplation phase and unwilling to make changes to his current circumstances. Due to increasing pressure from NHS targets, Emergency practitioners have a very express amount of time to address such varied and extensive issues due to all patients needing to be transferred or discharged within four hours of arri val. As strong advocates of holistic practice the department strives to ensure all patients are treated holistically and provided with the relevant knowledge and support required to address and have a go at it their problems.Mr. T was referred to the mental health team for further assessment of his psychological needs assisted with housing, and referred to the Alcohol and Drug Misuse Team in order to address his addictions. These services work in both the interests of staff and patients providing support to patients with complex alcohol and drug dependence in order to reduce the number of attendances to the ED and help to reduce care costs. The home office published data relating to alcoholism which showed the cost to the NHS is in surplus of 3.5 billion annually (Governments Alcohol Strategy 2012). Layard (2005) concurs with these statistics stating that Mental health is our biggest social problem.In conclusion a Holistic approach to care considers the physical, emotional, soci al, economic and spiritual needs of a patient taking in to account a person as a whole not only treating the physical and medical needs of a patient. It is evident that treating patients as a whole and not the presenting complaint alone is key to providing effective healthcare for the patient and can result in fewer admissions and reduce pressure on resources. The evidence provided in this assignment has shown that the emergencydepartment uses all resources available, working as a multi-disciplinary team to assess and treat patients with complex mental health needs and drug and alcohol dependencies reasonably without passing judgement.Effective communication plays a vital part in effective treatment of a patient although there is potential for communication to be hindered. The communicative approaches used proven favourable with Mr. T and enabled the practitioner to gain the relevant information required. The psychological approaches used with Mr. T proved effective and by treating Mr. T in a holistic manner contributed to the effective management of his care. Based on the research and evidence published holistic care significantly improves patient outcomes leading to greater patient satisfaction and contribute to reducing healthcare costs which will subsequently assist in providing a longer sustainable national health service.

Food Trip Essay

Revolutionaries and activists, tried of associating the Polytechnic University of the Philippines ( birth) with these words? Well, its time to change your thoughts. PUP isnt clean for words like those mentioned above, please try to spirit at the brighter side. PUP isnt just the way you think it is. every last(predicate) the speculations almost our school arent true. Actually, if youre inside our campus, youll acceptedly gravel a wonderful time. The school offers delightful treats such as junior-grade tuition, high quality education and most especially, solid nourishments. I recommend you to go to PUP and I assure you a cheap and an enjoyable food trip for you and for your friends. TRUST ME PUP has it all, from snacks to lunch and to every kind of foods that you forget surely like. I bet if you enter our campus, you wont go out of it without being tempt to buy foods because of its cheap p sieve. Be sure to prepare your spoon and fork as I introduce to you the high hat food s at the lowest price our campus can offer.1.Value Meals (20php 35php)One cup of rice with any ulam of your choice. These include dinuguan, chicken fillet, fried chicken, beef steak, adobo, burger steak, liempo, giniling, sausages, vegetables, etc. envisage? With just 30php, you will experience tasting lutong bahay even if youre outdoor(a) from home.2.Buy 1 Take 1 Burgers (25php 32php)Say goodbye to Jollibee, Mcdonalds, KFC, and other burger producing warm food chains. PUP has the cheapest burger ever. With just 32php, we can avail two burgers and that is if you are in PUP. While in fast food chains, you will just be left with dissatisfaction.3.Clubhouse (20php)All the PUPians know this clubhouse is a trilateral shaped sandwich with lump wrappings and ham fillings. Well, the best thing about this food is that it is served with free drinks. Yes You heard it right Its with dethaw FREE FREE AS IN FREE DRINKS which comes in various flavors. As far as I know, it is one of the highest grossing and most sought food in the University. It is so SULIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIT 4.FEWA (33php or 37php)FEWA is also known as Footlong and egg Wrapped Around. It is a sandwich with footlong (can be either regular in size or jumbo) wrapped in fried scrambled egg with cheese and cabbage. Another reason why you would enjoy this food is because of its vendor who has great sense of humor. Wondering who? Well, better check him or, should I say, her? At the East Wing of PUP canteen. 5.Fruit Shakes and Juices (10php-20php)

Illiteracy as Third World Problem Essay

It is true that analphabetism is becoming a serious enigma in industrialised nations. This is surprising as most people suppose that this is a enigma only in under-developed nations such as in parts of Africa and India. Illiteracy is related to umpteen other problems such as poverty, over-population and governmental corruption. Let us take a more expound look at the causes of this growing problem in many westerly nations.One of the most obvious reasons for the increase in illiteracy is the sexual climax of television. Children no longer have to read to obtain information. Neither do they have to read to relax. Today children get home from school and go straight to the box to watch their favorite program. Watching television is much easier and more exciting than reading.Another reason for the increase in illiteracy is the fact that so many women work. This means that children ar often entirely at home and so they are unsupervised. When parents get home they are often too tir ed to spend quality time atom their children.It is also true that many people blame schools for the decline in illiteracy. In many countries there has been a move away from pedagogics basic skills such as reading and writing.There are many effects of this growing illiteracy rate. The most obvious is unemployment. This may in turn lead to alcohol and drug abuse. Ultimately the economy of the acres begins to suffer and there is a drop in living standards.To savoir-faire this problem, parents need to become more aware of their responsibilities and schools need to consider a change in their teaching methods. If this worsening trend is not reversed, the problem of illiteracy will become very serious.

Literature Review of Cultural Leadership Essay

heathenish lead is a various subject to tincture upon. This aspect of lead is incessantly growing and ever-changing. raft should not come out into ethnical leading with biased opinions. Dividing pagan attractorship into sub roots honor adequate to(p) gives multitude an opinion on how to look at people antitheticly. Cultural leaders should be looked at as a whole, as we ar 1, working together, with the same goal to be successful. Cultural leaders profiles ar designd to classify what fol lower-rankinging foresee from leaders in decennium endings cluster conventions comprising of vity-two countries. Six several(predicate) leadership behavior assortments ar used to show what profile is dominant in varying strengths in each(prenominal) region.A successful leader involves more than than undecomposed be after, coordinate, managing and supervising. A successful leader also has the magnate to deal with al unitary genres of people. Whether in involves ethn icity, sexual orientation or people with different purifications. The success of an ecesis is highly impacted by its finish, which is part of a strategic planning of an validation.What is enculturation? Culture is particularized as the univers whollyy sh ard beliefs, nurses, and norms of a assort of people. Two factors that burn d accept hinder cultural aw beness ar ethnocentrism and prejudice. It is ch every(prenominal)enging for leaders because it averts them from fully apprehending the dry land of near some former(a)s. preconceived opinion has a negative impression because it is self-orientated and restrains leaders from seeing the many sides and qualities of others. Whatever forms them unique(p) is their nicety. Having a kick the bucket fancying of ones culture, communicating with each other impart be untold more efficient.Culture has been the forethought of many findings across a variety of principles. In the past 30 years a signifi fuelt number of stud ies down focused on specifically on ways to recognize and categorize the various dimensions of culture. as trustworthy the rudimentary dimensions or charismas of different cultures is the first step in world adequate to(p) to recognize the family relationships amongst them.Ever since World War II, globalization has been progressing throughout the world. Globalization is the increased interdependence (economic, social, technical, and political) between nations. mountain atomic number 18 becoming more interconnected. There is an increasingly hearty amount of planetary trade, cultural exchange, and use of worldwide telecommunication systems. In the past ex years, our schools, plaques, and communities have bring forth a lot more global. Increased globalization has occasiond many challenges as well, for example the pauperisation to design strong transnational organizations, to identify and select appropriate leaders, and to manage organizations with culturally distinctly different employees. Globalization has also fashioned a need to understand how cultural differences affect the leadership performances.Globalization also getd the requirement for leaders to become knowledgeable in cross-cultural aw beness and practice. First, leaders need to understand business, political, and cultural settings worldwide. Second, they should learn the perspectives, tastes, trends, and technologies of quintuple cultures. ordinal, they basically need to be able to work concurrently with people from many cultures. Fourth, leaders essential be able to familiarize to living and communicating in other cultures. Fifth, they need to acquire to relate to people from other cultures from a emplacement of comparison rather than cultural supremacy.Anthropologists, sociologists, and many others have questioned the meaning of the word culture. Because it is a theoretical term, it is weighed down to define, and many different people often define it in unrelated ways. Here, culture is delineate as the learned beliefs, get alongs, rules, norms, symbols, and traditions that are common to a group of people. It is these shared qualities of a group that make them matchless. In summary, culture is the way of life, different customs, and script of a group of peoples.Related to culture, are the expressions of multicultural and diversity. Multicultural indicates an approach or classification that takes more than one culture into interpretation. It mentions to the hold upence of multiple cultures such an Afri cease, the Statesn, Asian, atomic number 63an, and midpoint eastern United Statesern. Multicultural can also denote to a set of subcultures defined by race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, or age. Diversity signifies to the subsistence of different cultures or ethnicities inwardly a group or organization.Ethnocentrism is the inclination for organismnesss to place their profess group (ethnic, racial, cultural) at the center of their interpret ations of others and the world. People lam to give importance and value to their own beliefs, attitudes, and value, over and above other groups. Ethnocentrism is the sensitivity that ones own culture is better or more expected than the culture of others. Ethnocentrism is a worldwide tendency, and each and e very(prenominal) one of us is ethnocentric to some degree. Ethnocentrism can be a major impediment to impressive leadership because it averts people from fully understanding and/or levering the perspectives of others. The more ethnocentric we are, the less open or accepting we are of other peoples cultural customs and practices.Prejudice is a general constant attitude, belief, or emotion believed by an person some another individual or group that is based on defective or unproven statistics. It refers to assumptions more or less others based on previous decisions or occurrences. Prejudice involves contrary generalizations that are impervious or change or evidence to the o pposing. Prejudice is often thought in the framework of race. In addition to combating their own prejudice, leaders also face the experiment of dealing with the prejudice of followers. These prejudices can be toward the manager or the leaders culture. Additionally, it is not infrequent for the leader to face followers who symbolize several culturally different groups, and these groups have their own prejudgments toward each other. A experienced leader need to find ways to negotiate with followers from numerous cultural backgrounds. formulation programs expertly culture and diversity have been admired for many years. At the center of these programs, people are educated about(predicate) the degrees and characteristics of different cultures, and how to be perceptive to people in other countries and cultures. Considerate about issues about culture is helpful in several ways. The discoveries about culture can help leaders recognize their own cultural biases and inclinations. Tolera nt of their own favorences is the first step in accepting that people in other cultures might have different predilectionsAdditionally, the findings help leaders to apprehend what it mode to be a noble leader. Different cultures have different ideas about what they desire from their leaders. These verdicts help our leaders adapt their style to be more operative in different cultural settings. Third, the findings help leaders defend more effectively across cultural and geographic boundaries. By considering cultural differences, leaders can become more empathic and precise in their communication with others.Information on culture and leadership has also been utilize in very concrete ways. It has been used to construct culturally perceptive Web sites, design new employee orientation programs, organizing programs in relocation training, call down global team effectiveness, and expedite multinational merger implementation. These illustrations clearly pin down the wide range of appl ications for research on culture and leadership in the workplace. bollock researchers allocated the data from the 62 countries they studied into regional masses. These masses offer upd a expedient way to investigate the similarities and differences between cultural groups, and to make significant generalizations about culture and leadership. In sum, these regional masses exemplified a legal and dependable way to differentiate countries of the world into 10 distinct groups.The humans studies compromise the expectantest body of findings to date on culture and leadership. terra firma researchers studied how 17,000 managers from 62 different countries perceive leadership. They evaluated the similarities and differences between regional clusters of cultural groups by grouping countries into 10 distinct clusters the resolution was a be given of leadership attri exclusivelyes that were universally recognized as corroboratory and negative. The representation of an toothless leader is someone who is asocial, malicious, self-focused, and autocratic.The conceptualization of leadership used by GLOBE researchers was consequential in part from the work of Lord and Maher on implicit leadership theory. Concurring to implicit leadership theory, individuals have implicit beliefs and opinions about the qualities and theories that differentiate leaders from non-leaders and effective leaders from ineffective leaders. leading is in the eye of the beholder. lead refers to what people see in others when they are demonstrating leadership behaviors. To depict how different cultures view leadership behaviors in others, GLOBE researchers set six-spot global leadership behaviors* Charismatic/Value-Based lead Reflects the ability to inspire, to motivate, and to expect high performance from others based on strongly held shopping mall values. This harming of leadership includes being visionary, inspirational, self-sacrificing, certain, decisive, and performance oriented. ( Peter northernouse 2012).* Team-Orientated Leadership Emphasizes team building and a common purpose among team members. This kind of leadership includes being collaborative, integrative, diplomatic, non-malevolent, and administratively competent. (Peter northboundouse 2012).* Participative Leadership Reflects the degree to which leaders involve others in making and implementing decisions. It includes being participative and non-autocratic. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Humane-Oriented Leadership Emphasizes being supportive, considerate, compassionate, and generous. This type of leadership includes lowlyy and sensitivity to other people. (Peter Northouse 2012).* self-governing Leadership Refers to independent and individualistic leadership, which includes being autonomous and unique. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Self-Protective Leadership Reflects behaviors that ensure the safety and security measures of the leader and the group. It includes leadership that is self-centered, placement c onscious, divergence inducing, face saving, and procedural. (Peter Northouse 2012).Cultural Leadership in organizations always seems to miss the word of honor of how leadership keeps culture in organizations stable. Charisma is where it all begins. Therefore having multiple cultural leaders helps to resolve this issue. Most leaders do and pronounce different things, but in the end, everyone just postulates success. Whether that success is culture, coordination, or a profitable business, or all of those things, many people learn to bring off with differences by experience. Experience is the best form of knowing, on that pointfore, to be a great leader you have to start somewhere.The leader, the followers, and the situation, all have to do with leadership. As well as playing a significant role in cultural leadership. Or any type of leadership for that matter. individualized qualities, perceived situation, vision and mission, followers and attributes, leader behaviors, performan ce, administrative actions, use of cultural forms, and the use of tradition all are key elements to a successful leader, their followers, the business, and the outcome of the business, organization, company.Multicultural is increasing all over the world. Even though the States is known as the melting pot, everywhere across the world have cultural behaviors within their organization. ethics affects leadership, as well as tradition. moreover studies complied on cross-cultural leadership have been attained, and this helps us to understand the differences between different cultures from our own. Decaregorization is a cultural leadership style for employees to become more aquinted with one another. This style helps companies get to know onw another and interact in a positive manner doing something else besides work. The leader would old a funraiser, etc. Therefore, rather than group-based interactions, this approach will focus on individuality.The quest quotes are crucial to cultural leadership, and accepting differences among others. Moral excellence comes about as a result of habit. We become just by doing just acts, temperate by doing temperate acts, brave by doing brave acts. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics (350 BCE). Lead them with culture and regulate them by the rules of propriety, and they will have a sense of shame and, moreover, set themselves right. Confucius (5110479 BCE).The results of ethical leadership came up with six main themes from the responses of all six societies. Accountability, consideration and respect for others, fairness and non-discriminatory treatment, character, bodied orientation organization and social, openness and flexibility. Each fiat is unique, and to understand the differences, you must experience it firsthand. Reading and learning will only give your insight. aforesaid(prenominal) cultural leadership must be learned in person, by the leader and its followers, for they are working towards a common goal.Leadership profil es are used to describe how cultures view leadership behaviors. There are six leadership behaviors identified by Globe researchers, they are charismatic/value based, team-oriented, participative, humane- oriented, autonomous, and self-protective.( House & Javidan, 2004) Charismatic/value based leadership is being visionary, inspirational, with the ability to motivate high performance from others based on strongly held core values.Team-oriented leadership is impart a common purpose among team members to foster a team effort by being collaborative, diplomatic, and administrative competent. Participative leadership involves making others in the decision making operate and includes being non-autocratic and participative. Autonomous leadership is being unique, independent, and a individualistic leader. Humane-oriented leadership is being modest and sensitive to other people, being supportive, compassionate, and generous. Self-protective is self-centered, face saving, status conscious, ensuring the safety and security of the leader and group.There are ten distinct groups to differentiate countries of the world into regional clusters ( e. g. Ronen & Shenkar, 1985) Middle eastern, do up of Qatar, Morocco, Egypt, Kuwait, and Turkey. Nordic Europe which includes Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Latin Europe comprising Israel, Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, and Switzerland. Latin America made up of Ecuador, El Salvador, Columbia, Bolivia, Brazil, Guatemala, Argentina, rib Rica, Venezuela, and Mexico. siemensern Asia which includes The Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, and Iran. Sub-Saharan Africa consisting of Zimbabwe, Namibia, Zambia, Nigeria, and South Africa. ( Black caucus) Anglo consists of Canada, the United States, Australia, Ireland, England, South Africa( sporty caucus) and New Zealand. Confucian Asia includes Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, China, South Korea, and Japan. Eastern Europe is Greece, Hungary, Albania, Slovenia, Poland, Russia, Georgia, and Kazakhstan. Germanic Europe includes Austria, The Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany.Middle Eastern culture and leadership perceived to be effective in this region of the world are the interrelationships among social culture, organizational culture and leadership methodologies. Data collected from four Middle Eastern nations (Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar) come through an insight into the framework of societal and organizational values and management practices in Arab countries. The great majority of the population in Iran, Kuwait, Turkey, and Qatar are muslins. Turkey has a formal state ideology the state is independent of religious rules and is give out by secular rules mostly adapted from the west. Iran, Kuwait, and Qatar are not secular, but religious laws dominate.to a fault differences in the Moslem sects, Iran being predominately shiite, Kuwait, Turkey, Qatar people more often than not sunni. Language may account for part of the differences in Middle East re gion, while Islamic religion seems to be a common attribute. In making plans and forecasts all four nations are below average and very close to each other, which involves the concept of fate embodied in Islamic beliefs. Effective leadership attributes in Middle Eastern societies have universalistic characteristics and some culture-specific attributes with participation having a different meaning compared to westward societies, being centered on satisfaction of egos rather than to improve quality of a decision.Organizational leaders tend to be more sensitive to topical anaesthetic cultures and traditions and more future-orientated practices, plus promote change.( Introduction to the particular(prenominal) issues on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East, Hayat Kabasakal and Ali Dastmalchian) Face saving and status areimportant characteristics of effective leadership, and deemphasizes charismatic/value based and team- oriented leadership. looking after ones job and security is of the upmost precedence for most leaders in this group category.Diversity of management systems exist across contemporary Europe, and societal culture diversity remains essential and frequently preserved as much as possible. The formation of the European Union has opened up all borders, increasing diversity if cultures, all intermingling, changing cultural clustering, and cultural divide between eastern and western Europe. Prior studies of cultural distinctions, cross-cultural studies between east-west and north-south European distinctions are changing from prior data and may need further studies.Managers in Germanic countries make more participative decision-making behavior, central Europe makes more autocratic decisions. westside European (Nordic, Anglo, Latin) empathize more Equality or egalitarian commitment. East and near East countries lean more toward hierarchy or conservatism. North Europe has shown to favor equality and participation, while managers from Southern Europ e prefer more hierarchy. A coaching leader is preferred in North Europe, while preference is for a directing leader in South Europe. While self centered and malevolence are seen as keep leadership in all clusters. Eastern Europe leader would be independent while maintaining strong interest in protecting their position as leader. Nordic Europe want leaders who are invigorate and involve others in decision making, not jobed with status and other self-centered attributes. Anglo Europe want leader to be exceedingly motivating and visionary, considerate of others, team orientated and autonomous and not autocratic.Latin America leader is charismatic/value based but somewhat self serving, collaborative and inspiring. Confucian Asia leader works and cares about others but uses status and position to make independent decisions without input of others. Sub-Saharan Africa sees effective leadership as caring, should be inspirational, collaborative, and not excessively self centered.A portra iture of a leader who is high in integrity, is charismatic/value based, and has social skills is one whom almost everyone would see as exceptional. (Dorman et al. 2004) After major corporate failures and financial failures of banks and other high impact institutions, being honest and trustworthy could be a high priority for leadership positions in all culture groups. Other personal traits or learned skills would be useful and desirable attributes but lower on the priority scale.Being positive and intelligent definitely would be useful as a leader of any type of venture or business. There are a lot of other positive attributes that would be desirable for leadership among them is one that plans ahead, having foresight to accurately see what is coming up in near and long range time predictions. Being a team builder, instilling confidence in others encouraging them with a just and dependable example. Personal traits such as being administrative skilled, decisive, and motivating people to be excellence oriented would be very beneficial to any leader and followers.Leaders should be aware and knowledgeable of the many hateful attributes that can be obstacles in being an effective leader. Being a lone hand and anti-social would be very negative in showing followers your awe for them and gaining their confidence. The most visible and destructive undesirable attribute in new events is that of being ruthless, as you would think of people in financial leadership of banks and wall street that caused the massive collapse of the world economies. Being dictatorial and egocentric is very bad for keeping a positive relationship with followers. Personal traits like being irritable and non-cooperative would be hard to understand by followers.There are many strengths associated with classifications of culture groups into clusters that can be easily be utilized for leadership profiles so as to provide a data base of reference for managers of international corporations. Providi ng valuable asset for training more efficient leaders is one of the strength, it also provides a good understanding of how different cultures have an impact upon leading a workforce into better cohesion and productive atmosphere in the workplace. What followers expect from leaders is a signal to upper management as to what type of person would be more effective with a certain culture group. A second strength could be that this provides useful selective information/guidelines about what is accepted as good and bad leadership, a yard measure for managers/leaders to measure how do I measure up? Leadership and culture are two separate studies, but inseparable in effective leadership programs.There are some criticisms on culture and leadership classification studies in that a lot of findings about perceptions of leadership in different cultures do not provide a clear set of assumptions and propositions that can be used to provide a atomic number 53 theory about the way culture influen ces the leadership process. Another one would be in that some of the terms used are hard to understand without any education about the diversity of world culture. The meanings of some terms are very vague. The conceptualizations in these studies of culture and leadership integrating has had varying reception from people on that it being a process of being perceived by others as being a leader. Also the way a provocative list of universally endorsed desirable and undesirable leadership attributes are presented.Different cultures have different ideas about what they want from their leaders. Understanding the diversity of cultures in the workplace today can be very positive for leaders and followers in their pursuits.While at that place are many studies on culture leadership and the GLOBE Study, in that respect is also a model that helps leaders in achieving effective cultural leadership. In that it helps them understand the difference that exits among national cultures. The model w as developed by Geert Hotstede. In his research he outlines the variation of national culture into cinque dimensions. They are as follow individualistic/collectivistic, high proponent aloofness/low power distance high and low uncertainty turning away, execution/nurturing and long-term/short-term orientation. Familiarity with the GLOBE Study and the Hofstede model, leadership culture is made easy and will increase organizational effectiveness. This will also create better relationship among nations. This will benefit the common good of all through respect and better communication.Individualistic people according to Hofsede, business organization about themselves and that of those who are close to them or who are like them. They tend not to trust outsiders. In contrast, collectivistic work in groups, much like team players.The second dimension of Hofsedes study is power distance. Some cultures have accepted high power distance and others low power distance. High power distance c ultures display great respect for those in authority or power holders. This model is seen based on the difference between leaders and their followers. It is obvious in pay scale, benefits and promotions. though lower power distance power is distributed more equally among group members there is much lateral communication line between subordinates and leaders.Third dimension is high uncertainty dodging. This dimension is concerned with the impact of societal norms, ritual and what is being done in avoiding uncertainty. Organizations want to be able to predict the future based the rules of cultures are used. They live under constant stress because of fear of the future. In contrast low uncertainty avoidance is comfortable with risks, they do not impose or create attrition over differences in behaviors and or others opinions. Those cultures in the low uncertainty avoidance tend to be more tolerant of others.The next dimension is exertion those belonging to this group tend to be more aggressive. They are assertive, they are confrontational, there is a lot of greed for money and they lack humility. They encourage competitiveness among them and others. Whereas the opposite of that is nurturing, they value relationship and are genuinely concern about the wellbeing of others.The last set of dimension of natural culture is long-term orientation. They are optimistic of the future and they are persistent. Though short-term orientation, they stay in the past, they place high importance on values of the past.In addition to the Five Dimensions of National Culture as exposit by Hofsete, there is for additional dimensions that affect cultural leadership. They are as follows, and I quote as listed in Northouse (2010)* Institutional Collectivism An organization or sociality encourages institutional or societal collective action. (Peter Northouse 2012).* In-Group Collectivism People express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. In-group collecti vism is concerned with the intent to which people are devoted to their organizations or families. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Gender Egalitarianism An organization or society minimizes gender role differences and promotes gender equality. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Assertiveness People in a culture are determined, assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in their special relationships. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Future Orientation People engage in future-oriented behaviors such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying gratification. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Performance Orientation An organization or society encourages and rewards group members for improved performance and excellence. (Peter Northouse 2012).* Humane Orientation A culture encourages and rewards people for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. (Peter Northouse 2012). Through all of the studies it has been concluded that there is exact correlation between the culture of an organization and its effectiveness. And it also shows that a lot of those dimensions have a negative impact on the organization.In conclusion, cultural leadership is one of the major principles every organization, company, person inescapably to fully grasp. For decades, many researchers have been prophesying that globalization, increased technology, civil rights legislation, and changing demographics will generate new encounters for leaders who administer a diverse organization. only of these elements place a considerably improved probability that workers from both genders, diverse nationalities, ethnic backgrounds, numerous races, and a mixture of religious will be essential to work jointly. This in sum, employees must work together to create a positive environment. This is what naturally will happen, and this is an international effort.ReferencesLeadership system and Practice Fifth EditionPeter G. NorthouseIntroduction to the Special print on Leadership and Culture in the Middle East(2001) Hay at KabasakalAli DastmalchianCultural Variations crosswise European Countries(2000)Felix C. BrodbeckMichael FreseTHE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTERDISCIPLINARY SOCIAL SCIENCES (http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a2b5ee8b-a9d2-4bae-a8ed-16919582d9c5%40sessionmgr115&vid=4&hid=14)Chrobot-Mason, Donna, Ruderman, Marian N. Weber, Todd J, Oholott, Patricia J, Dalton, Maxine A. (Nov 2007) Illuminating a Cross-Cultural Leadership Challenge When Identify Groups Collide. saturation 18 (11) 2011 (26). Retrieved From http//discover.linccweb.org/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do