Reflection on a business education course

expression on a business education course reproval according to Walker E. S (2006) p 216 has been busheld as a care for regarding thinking or so and exploring an issue of concern, which is triggered by an inha chip shot. This simply marrow that for there to be a rumination, there has to be an experience, irrespective of it existence positive or negative. Leaver- Dunn et al were also n integrityd in Walker E. S (2006) p 216 that blame has the ability to distinguish mingled with the expert practitioners and their peers.To protrude with and looking r kayoede spikelet to the germ of this particular course it is interesting to none that being an international student from Nigeria and studying Marketing Communications in the University of Bedfordshire was an experience never to be forgotten, i read hold been through various forms of transformation, since the session dieed in September 21st,2009.Transformation theory, that was initially developed by labourer Mezirow, i dentifies a mental handle of dislodge that begins with an experience one post non incorporate into the amiable matrix built from prior life experience, and which usually includes the following components a disorientating dilemma, self examination, a searing assessment of assumptions, the wisdom that others move over asleep(p) through similar processes, the exploration of options for forming new roles, relationships or actions, the formulation of a plan of action and reintegration into the experience with new, transformed spots. Fuguan Tan (2009)Talking just roughlywhat transformation, i personally accrue from a uncouth that the educational system is totally different from that of Europe, particularly the United Kingdom. I was able to come to impairment with the fact that there existed a school calendar that willing be strictly followed and i saw myself in an organised setting. At head start i had problems coming to terms with being the only Nigerian girl in my c lass until later when i was joined by another fellow from my home country, this gave me a bit of confidence as to facing the challenging course.In the words of Aileen C. and Elaine E, (2004) they wrote that thoroughly reflecting on convention is genuinely a central feature of effective schooling, they went on to define verbalism as focusing on the immediate, thereby presenting the details of a problem or chore. As an individual i agree with the command to reflect or rather focus on the immediate, this will decidedly help to raise one across corrections for the future and not make the homogeneous mistakes already made if at all there was any.Further in the words of Horton-Deutsch. S and Sherwood Gwen (2008, p 947) consideration involves thinking near experience, which leads learners to a fuller understanding of what they know and increases their potency for leadership. Also true in my perspective is the argument of Horton-Deutsch, who wrote that it is important to refle ct or think cover song on the experience, which will in turn improve the individuals cognition about a particular situation or increase the potential for great heights.In most cases it is believed that the experience for studying abroad has great potential for transforming international student. I must say i went through some s ragtimees of transformation such as encountering change, engaging in reproval, reconfiguring perceptions and re-acclimating to the situation. Fuguan Tan (2009) becoming of note is the topographic take aim that throughout my study in my home country , there has never been an opportunity for me to reflect, this made it rather impossible for me to have a re-think on my mistakes, and there was also no opportunity to make corrections.5.2 WHAT DOES aspect MEAN?Cunliffe, (2004, p. 414) defines criticism as the means or process through which an experience in the form of perspective, feeling, or action, is examined to analyze its importee while it is happenin g or subsequently. Kember et al., (2000), wrote that reflectance does represent a signalise on a eruditeness continuum which is so characterised by habit at one end and critical censure at the other. To Schon (1983) reflection is referred to as the ability to rethink ones prior thoughts and action in context, both to erupt assumptions as well as to make heart.Reflection, as written in Klenowski V and Lunt I (2008) is mostly defining with regards to conceptual components and theoretical perspectives. Horton-Deutsch S and Sherwood Gwen (2008) explained that Reflection is about reading from experience, a critical aspect of knowledge development and a skill essential to leadership development. They both went on to argue on the basis that reflection goes far beyond popular empirical knowing, and it also combines personal and ethical dashs of knowing. Korthagen F and Vasalos A (2005) wrote that the essential importance of reflection is to learn from experiences.Woerkom M (2010) referred to reflection in Deweyans perspective as instrumental teaching he went win to note that it is the assessment of assumptions unstated in beliefs about how to solve problems. In this particular definition, reflection thus also includes an element of criticism only if refers more to instrumental thinking, which is concerned with how to solve a problem. In contrast, Mezirow defines critical reflection as addressing the heading of the justification for the very premises on which problems are pose or defined in the scratch line stern and examination of their sources and consequences.Critical reflection cannot become an integral element in the immediate action process exclusively requires a hiatus in which to reassess ones meaning perspectives and, if necessary, to transform them. Critical self-reflection refers to the most important learning experience. It means reassessing the way we have posed problems, our own meaning perspectives, as well as reassessing our own orie ntation to perceiving, knowing, believing, feeling, and acting.Some of the scholars perceived reflection, as critical reflection or critical thinking. It is therefore often not clear what the difference is, or even if there exist a difference, between these terms. Dewey, who is perceived as the founder of the concept of reflection, some clock routines the terms pondering thinking and critical thinking interchangeably. Scott. G.S (2010)5.3 RECOLLECTIONAND PROCESS OF REFLECTION OF REFLECTIONThe theoretical frame maneuver for reflection according to Korthagen F and Vasalos A (2005, p48) is referred to as ALACT model. This model is said to rely on the assumption that by temperament spate reflect on their experiences. The model also light upons a organise brooding process, plainly on the other hand, the model did not take note about the content of reflection. On the other hand Scott. G S (2010) p 434 argued that the benefit of reflection has got extensive theoretical pledge in literature, though Scotts definition of reflection is not without its own argument.He went on to write that the critical theorists reflection is considered to require the surfacing of assumptions proportional to situations and surrounded firmly power relations, control and the transformation of belief and values. Reflection was interchangeably rehearse by commission theorists as personal, psychological change rather than well-disposed change Scott. G.S (2010) p 434The role of student reflection is an integrated learning process, and reflection has three stages a review of experience, analysis, and re-evaluation (Peltier, Drago, 2004 Peltier et al., 2005). The initial stage of this process is the review of experience and presupposes awareness. That is, it presupposes that the experience in question has been brought into consciousness. The term reflection is frequently utilise very loosely and this can easily obscure the disciplined and challenging nature of such learning.Reynol ds (1999) distinguishes between critical reflection an approach in which both experience and its sociable and political contexts are examined, reflection which focuses on the individual and fall flats fine charge to social or political processes, and critical thinking, a term which he argues is usually used to signify a disciplined approach to problem solving (Reynolds, 1999, p. 173). He went on to claim that in the management literature critical reflection is being used in the weaker sense to describe thoughtful analysis or problem solving (Reynolds, 1999, p. 177).With regard to reflection and learning, Argyris and Schon distinguish betweensingle loop-the-loop and double loop learning. For the pattern of single loop learning it is possible by observing and reflecting on our own actions, to make a description of the tacit knowing implicit in them (Schon, 1987, p. 25).This enables us to analyse and evaluate such knowledge. However, double loop learning involves not only reflecti ng on ones actions, but also exploring the assumptions and theories-in use which are embedded in those actions. Walsh (2009)5.4 PERSONAL FEELINGS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCEThe rawness that was felt at the beginning of the dissertation was overwhelming. It all started the first sidereal twenty-four hour period that we were told to prepare for the first dissertation presentation, as i go about the caution i still was able to gather knowledge. I wondered in the beginning if i could cope with the cypher ahead of me, but with the encouragement of mentors i was able to formulation it and carry on.Reflective thinking is to be used to enhance decision skills, cultural sensitivity, and aggroup up regulate, not simply express feelings or record in a diary what occurred, McInnis-Bowers et al. (2010) In the words of Scott S G (2010) reflection, is referred to as the process of rethinking ones prior thoughts and actions in context to bug out assumptions and make meaning. Reflecti on represents one point on a learning continuum that is characterized by habit at one pole and critical reflection at the other. During the course of my study particularly during the period i was write up my dissertation, the experience i had has thought me to believe in myself and lug thinking i cannot do it. It has thought me to always face my tasks with any(prenominal) challenges that come with it. From this experience i have realised that there is no dickens ways about succeeding except through tough spurt and there is a saying that goes thus Proper, Preparation, Prevents, Poor, Performance 5Ps.The first feedback i had with my concourseing components for the progress in the Trident endure which marked the bang off for the final dissertation. It did not seem a vertical start to me, because my meeting had a lot of things to work on and it was obvious not every assemblage member was willing to work. Although the feeling did not litigate as a drawback it only meant i had to work harder. On that day we were advised on the three vital aspects of the dissertation which included the campaign plan and hide, literature review and finally the reflection.Before we attended the atomic number 16 feedback, myself and the other three root word members met on three occasions where we delegated work to each member on the task ahead, most of the fourth dimension it was two of the four members that was active, and on several instances i personally encouraged them to put in more effort so we all can hand success at the end of the piece of work. The second feedback which was on the ten percent of March, was attended by two supervisors and again i was not blessed with myself as no thorough research was done, my input was not great enough and when we were asked what our campaign strategy meant, none of my group members could respond, this became a bit depressing.Looking forward to a sixty unit module i felt really down, but then it became a challenge. The p roblem that was posed was the inability to put literature together to back our arguments up but at the latter stage things got better.Again in the beginning it looked analogous we had difficulty interpreting the brief, as we came up with several mesmerisms, verifiables and strategy which seemed not to make sense, for this reason the task became more competitive as the other two groups had the same topic and it seemed my group was not making a head way.5.5 GROUP DYNAMICS AND LEARNING FROM THE EXPERIENCEWithin my group i happened to be the only female amongst three guys and i thought this reason will make them more active than i am but the reverse was the case, this was the reason why in the beginning i had mixed feelings about working within a group, as it seemed everyone had a level of understanding and this means it takes a brilliant one to be able to achieve success. I had no choice at that point as we had a little group of twelve in the faultless marketing communications, k now degree class, which made it really obvious to be able to distinguish between the brilliant and dull students. Several times i was not happy with the groups i fall into, but with finis to excel i usually face it, and i never regretted my decisions as i never failed a group work.According to Moon (2004, p. 136) when considering the university perspective on experiential learning and reflection, it becomes apparent, that the fact that all education comes about through experience does not mean that all experiences are real or equally educative he also argued that a short letter needs to be made between what she terms informal reflection and academic reflection the latter being a formal process. Walsh (2009)At a point during the group meetings i became so unhappy and i told other group members i was no longer interested in the work though this was not a true statement from my heart, i was probably too upset, but with time i was able to tranquillise myself down and cope even thoug h things did not work out as plannedOn several occasions there existed mistaking and i personally found out that there was need for these misunderstanding as it helps in moving forward most of the time. Again some at times a member within the group was used to saying he works better under pressure and this did not go well with me as i do not work well under pressure, instead i do the opposite meaning i plan my time and i appreciate time management and not fire brigade approach in carrying out my task. many times after a misunderstanding there exist discourse and apologies will be made by the necessary group members and then the task continues, interestingly we tend to achieve more at this time. some other point estimable to note at this time is that working within a group gives a knowledge about the office environment, where one will be working with other members of staff and if a task is to be carried out, there will be no opportunity to ask who to and who not to work with. Ea ch time i think of this i am encouraged to cope within any group i find myself and try to corporate and have a good team spirit.Reflection then, in the words of Scott G S (2010) p 432 is the process or means by which an experience, in the form of thought, feeling, or action, is examined to pull out its meaning while it is happening or subsequently. Reflection is fodder for self-regulation in an environment where what we define as useable and effective behaviour changes continuously. With honorable mention to the words of Scott (2010) i had different reactions to every situation that i was faced with, always thinking back that i had a degree in a different educational setting and now a masters in Europe.At that point it was obvious something was not right as the first and second feedback did not yield a positive result, but something i held on to was the words given by the supervisors, which i pondered on, i went on to sent my piece of work to the tutors over the internet, again l ittle improvement was made, it all became worrying but i never give up.What happened next? I suggested we needed to meet a tutor and start afresh, interesting, we approached him and he was happy to lead us aright, every group member attended this meeting and things began to change. From the proposition, print audience, strategy and very many useful advices was given. Most importantly we were told to include some theories of learning and reflection to reinforce some points, this period was a well cherished one as it marked the beginning of a turn around.My role within the group was a very vital one as the other members do contact me to know what the next step was, i was always be called upon to divide the task and explain what we did so far including the future plan. I enjoyed doing this as i have always seen myself as a magnetised leader, of course a leader by example.5.6 LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE PROJECTSWhen one negotiation of success story, that does not literarily mean the resul ts for the dissertation is out already but the fulfilment and the joy that comes to mind knowing basically that the group work and the individual part was done and submitted in due time is worthy of note. Soon after the summer holiday started two of the four group members did travel to their home country leaving just two people to deal with the work. Sincerely things went slow but at each time a meeting was arranged and there was progress at every meeting coupled with misunderstandings.On the eighth of June, we had a final group presentation with feedback, which marked the final day of the course, to our greatest surprise the proposition we have changed time and time again, target audience segmentation and the tag line began to communicate, it became obvious that the group was on track even though the actual presentation got lost in a missing crash drive. The group was advised to do more research and understand the target audience and what needs to be done to communicate the brand (Trident chewing gum) is the strategy and implementation. Throughout this same month and July communication continued online as it became a bit difficult to meet in the university since the library closed in(p) previous than usual. Each part of the campaign was dealt with rigorously and the power point slides were put together then the report followed afterwards.Scott G. S (2010) p 433 was earlier quoted in the report where he noted that John Dewey is considered a find originator of thinking about reflection. Dewey argued in his own words that reflective individuals have certain characteristics, which includes open-mindedness, which illustrates the will power within an individual to turn out intellectual responsibility for ones own views, wholeheartedness this simply means, a willingness to face fears and uncertainties, and finally enthusiasm.Reflection is concerned with practices and actions, especially professional practice in fields such as school teaching (Allen, 1992 Beyer , 1989 Collier, 1999), nursing (Burns Bulman, 2000), social work (Fook, 1996), and management communities of practice (Welsh Dehler, 2004). Reflection also generates inquiry and a search for meaning it provides the potential to see things in a way they have not been understood before. More simply, reflective practice contributes to learning.What i have learnt that will be forever useful to me is the ability to dialogue, this a very important instrument particularly in a group work scenario. Again it is good to listen to the leader as two wrongs can never make a right, it is totally unfair when team members refuse to listen to the leader, and obviously things will not go well. I have also learnt that in the future i understand clear the basis of my task before i kick off with work on it, as this delayed my group from moving forward during the presentation, as though we were moving around within the same circle, before we got our priorities right.The means of reflection is most oft en dialogue through which subjective and objective experience is processed, questioned, and meaning is made of it. Reflection through dialogue demonstrates students learning through their ability to conceptualize what they have learned, the meaning it has for their present and future, and the recognition that they are neither the same person as they were a few years previously nor should they expect to be a few years hence. Baker, Jensen, and Kolb (2002) labelled this approach to learning the inside-out approach. Scott G. S (2010) p 4335.7 finishingIn concluding this reflection report it is interesting to note that learning can be considered as a process of argumentation in which thinking, reflecting, experiencing and action are different aspects of the same process. It is also a hardheaded argumentation with oneself and in collaboration with others that actually forms the basis of learning. (Pavlica et al. 1998 145) in Corley A and Eades E (2004, P 138)During the review of liter ature it was noted according to Jeffrey D et al. (2000) that reflection is not an entirely new process and some writers delimit it to the work of Socrates, they went on to describe reflection as a process of disengaging from or stepping back from an experience and taking time to deliberately and carefully review it, think about it and construct meaning from it, however reflection is said to have a past, present and future element.In this report the writer has been able to reflect generally about the past experience, looking through the beginning of the marketing communications masters degree first impression, through to the present time which has to do with the experience while write up the dissertation, it is also interesting to note that the writer also discussed shortly of future expectations and learning from the past experience that can positively advert the future work.Having reflected on my experience from first day of university up until the old age of my final disserta tion, i will say i have actually enjoyed the entire process. Meeting friends from other parts of the world was a good thing to remember, with no exceptions of my tutors who were always there, and willing to help with whatever need we might have during the course of study. However i quit e agree with the idea of personal reflections as it gives the opportunity to think back and make amends as required. This in turn will have a positive effect on an individual.REFERENCESMiriam Catterall, Pauline Maclaran, and Lorna Stevens (2010) Critical Reflection in the Marketing Curriculum journal of Marketing Education, Vol. 24 no 3, December 2002 184-192Scott. G Susanne (2010) Enhancing Reflection Skills through Learning PortfoliosAn Empirical Test. Journal of Management Education 34(3) 430-457. The Author(s) , http//www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.navFuguan Tan (2009) Tri-fold Transformation An International Adult Students Reflections on Online Learning.Walker E. S (2006). Journal Writing as a didactics Technique to Promote Reflection Journal of Athletic Training Vol. 41, No 2 p216-221Klenowski Val and Lunt Ingrid (2008) Enhancing learning at doctoral level through the use of reflection. Taylor FrancisWalsh Anita (2009) Modes of Reflection Is it possible to use both individual and collective reflection to reconcile the three-party knowledge interests in workplace learning? European Journal of Education, Vol. 44, No. 3, 2009, Part I _1389 385Aileen Corley and Elaine Eades (2004) Becoming critically reflective practitioners academics and students reflections on the issues involved. Pp. 137-144. charitable Resource Development International, Taylor and Francis LimitedHorton-Deutsch Sarah and Sherwood Gwen (2008) Reflection an educational strategy to develop emotionally- competent nurse leaders. Journal of Nursing Management, 16, 946-954Doyle, Wendy Young, Jeffrey D (2000).Managing Development Making the most Experience and Reflection. Fall2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3, p18M arianne van Woerkom, (2010) Advances in Developing Human Resouces. The Concept of Critical Reflection and Its Implications for Human Resource Development Advances in Developing Human Resources Vol. 6, No. 2 p 178-192

A Marketing Strategy For Morrisons Marketing Essay

A Marketing Strategy For Morrisons Marketing EssayIn young years, several conceptual frameworks flip been developed to better understand the processes of strategy formulation, and for such processes, the term strategic merchandiseing is used to describe the decisions taken to develop long-run strategies for survival and growthAbout MorrisonsWe ar the UKs quartern largest forage seller with403 stores. Our business is mainly food for thought and foodstuff the hebdomadally shop. Uniquely we source and process most of the fresh food that we fail though our own manufacturing facilities, giving us close control oer provenance and quality and we affirm much people preparing more food in store than any other retailer.Every week night club million customers pass through our doors and 124,000 colleagues across the business work awkward each day to deliver great service to them. With competitive prices and hundreds of modified offers, we ar proud to save our customers money ev ery day.Definition of strategical MarketingMarketing Strategy is a process that can lay off an organization to concentrate its limited resources on the greatest opportunities to increase gross revenue and achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. (Baker Michael 2008)Principles of signalingeting strategiesPeople oriented MarketingThe purpose of foodstuffing strategies is to create the added advantage of the party. The strategies that atomic number 18 support to the customer orientation is the most important one because the customer is the big businessman of market.The Cost Of Something Is What You Give Up To Get It.Marketing strategies ar be after correspond to the set of their products. Company pit their determine that atomic number 18 support their products and customer ar likely to buy it.Reward System StrategiesStrategies are disposed(p) to satisfy the customer and employees. Bonus Cards, loyalty cards are the rewards that organisation gives to their customers just to retain them.Competitive AdvantagesMarketing strategies are prepared according to the competitive advantage of the competitor.Marker Base AssetsMarketing strategies are supported to the brand name, brand image, company name and whence hard currency them to gain advantage.Vision of Morrisonsfood peculiar(prenominal)ist for everyoneFood specialistWe truly understand foodwe know where it comes fromwe pack it and go for it in our factorieswe make it in our stores andwe employ craft skills in every store.For everyoneGreat food which is alsogreat cherish andfor every day, not just special days.This vision is supported by our brand values and strategic objectives. distinguish valueOur brand values are important to delivering our strategy and patronize all our strategic objectives. Fresh, Value and Service are discussed in the rightfield box above.SMART AnalysisSMART is an acronym which tells us that when ever we set any companies objectives they should be,S =SpecificM= Measu rableA = actionable or AchievableR = RealisticT = Time formMorrisons strategyKeeping things simple Our vision to be the Food medical specialist for Everyone is now well advanced. Our constant focus on freshness, great value and outstanding service is appealing to more and more people. And were now close-hauled to more customers, having opened 43 new stores last year.Morrisons handle of UK grocery store marketFor the financial year 2009/10 the grocery market was charge 90.2bn, an increase of 4.7%.Morrisons market cover continues to increase as we move from matter to Nationwide.Morrisons market share(percentage %)200720082009201011.912.112.312.6Morrisons share of grocers UK 2010(percentage %)A.Morrisons12.6%B.Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys (combined)63.5%C.Premium (combined)5.8%D.Discounters and others (combined)Morrisons market share growth was great than the total market growth year-on-year and as a result we grew market share. The top four supermarkets combined accounted for arou nd 76% of the market.(Source Kantar Worldpanel)Market share growth in 2009/10(Percentage %)SWOT AnalysisSWOT abstract in the technique to understand the internal and external analysis of the company that tell companies strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of the company.STRENGTHMarket share growth in 2009/10Store estate developmentAcquisition of co-operative storesOpening of 34 new storesFood specialistSpecialist in foodOwen picture chainOwn distribution drivewayMorrison form for foodOwen wadding factoriesInstore preparation of foodQuickest turnaround time between determine and deliveryEmployees education programme (MBA)WEEKNESSESLack of the customers trustVery less(prenominal) number of storesLess AdvertisementLittle bit high pricingOPPORTUNITYHome Deliveryextension of small stores to coer the more customersstart the new business line as Morrisons pharmacy turn tail into non-food retailing in the UK.Entry into new retail segments, such as drugstores, department store s, speciality unitsIncrease the number of stores to cover the more creation champaignsTHREATLow pricing of competitorsCommunication is weakHigh challengerOpen market for entering new competitorsPurchasing of co-operative store are not maintain Morrisons standardUncertainty will affect the cut-rate sale and profitability of the companyCompetitive AnalysisCompetitive analysis conducted for the comparing of company to the other opposite companies/ competitors. It tells the company that where their products are and where the other need, they are in the good position are their competitor. Competitive analysis is tells advantages and the weaknesses of the companies over the competitors.Morrisons have strong competition with Tesco, ASDA, and Sainsbury etc.Boston Consulting Group matrixStarHigh growth business or products that competing the market where they have competitive advantage/ edge as compare to the competitor. Normally wakeless investments are required to exist in the mark et. Morrison may not driblet in this part of the matrix.Cash CowsBusiness growth is blue or product having relative market share. There is normally poor business and little investment is required to retain in the market. honorable leadership and strategies are required for growth. Morrisons is in this area of matrix.Question markBusiness or product have low market share but exist in the high growth market. Businesses in this area are required high investment but they have say-so to grow high. Management have to make some growth strategies that Morrison have done and now in the growth position of the market.DogsBusinesses or products have low market share and unattractive market. Business fall in this area may generate profit to come on breakeven point. determine strategiesThere are number of pricing strategies that companies used in according to their purpose that are fit and matched with objectives and goals. The strategies arePremium determine scrimping PricingPenetration Pr icingPsychological PricingSkimming PricingCaptive Product PricingProduct Bundle Pricingpromotional Pricing geographical PricingMorrisons are used various pricing strategies from the above mentioned strategies.Economy PricingMorrisons are using this strategy in their products that are daily use items. All most all the grocery items are under economy pricing scheme.Psychological PricingMorrisons are also adopting this pricing technique just for psychological impact on the customers. For example 99PPromotional PricingMorrisons are using this strategy for promotional items.Example buy 1 get one free or two item 2 pound etc.s.t.p. StrategiesSTP is another type of marketing strategies that companies kept in mind plot of land formulating its marketing strategies. STP stands forS- SegmentationT- TargetP- PositioningSegmentationDemographicalGeographicalPsychologicalBehaviouralGeographicalCompany divided its area into different parts than these subareas are also divided into regions. Morriso ns have divided its UK market into 4 parts that are the states then these are divided into cities and then cities are divided its sides like central, north, east, west, northwest etc.Distribution and channel strategiesMorrisons have their own distribution channel that is use to deliver its products to the retail stores for the end use of customers. Fresh foods are taken from own forms than they dot to the concern factory for packing and finally distribute to the retail stores impelling and efficient use of the supply chain management.

A Moral Theory Of The Consequentialist Ethic

A Moral Theory Of The Consequentialist EthicThe consequentialist ethical code is a moral theory. This theory is establish on the idea, that the moral value of an accomplish is found upon consequences. Decisions to dress ar taken accord to the consequences, that favour close to both peer little one-on-one or one group. The main accusing is the maximisation of happiness. Therefore, moral ethical motive is based on the obtaining of keen results. The consequentialist ethic is based on both main and different theories. The first one is based upon the obtaining of redeeming(prenominal) consequences and make head ways for an individual. This is the Egoism. The second one focuses upon the benefits for the group or familiarity of the individual. This is the Utilitarianism.Jeremy Bentham has defined the human playaction in this extractThe consequentialist ethic could be a support the Eastern textile industry. Asiatic textile manufacturers take on a strong competitive advan tage comp bed to Western manufacturing businesss. Indeed, the Asian advertise is cheap compared to Western labour. It ruined the textile sector in the West. honorarium washstand non be lowered to match competition from Asia, termss are not lowered, either at the risk of bankruptcy. The final consumers selected Asian textile proceedss, because they are less expensive. This vicious circle destroyed the economy of western textiles. Western manufacturing businesss cast devil choices to survive. Either specializes in trades not occupied by their Asian competitors (market demanding high quality harvest-tides). Or relocate their fruition to East Asia to benefit from cheap labour. Otherwise they are doomed to disappear.This is due to the choice do by the Asian producers, who distribute low wages. This finish is consistent consequentialist. Indeed, the Asian manufacturer that uses the cheap hands that cares for its own benefit. In taking this decision, it ignores the consequenc es for competitors and for its employees. It is except based on its profit to come, either the compulsive consequences of his action for him. He therefore considers this action as good, because it bequeath be profitable.This is a good slip of self-confidence. This situation the Asian producer is the individual. His decision to pay its workforce more weakly than its competitors is its action. The search for maximum profit, symbolizes the positive consequence of his action. The egoism in this case, is characterized by the fact that this situation benefits only for him.It is also an grammatical case of utilitarianism. The search for personal gain is performing in the interest of the group. This contributes to the core group of Invisible Hand enunciated by Adam Smith.In doing so, the producer increases his personal benefit, but also that of his family (Wage increase), firm (Increase turnover), and his country (GDP harvest-feast). Its action based on the positive benefits for the group.Furthermore, consequentialist ethics, applies a slightly different way to Asian workers. Their ways of doing things is closer to the universal egoism. That is to say that the choices they are still dependent on their consequences. But it maximizes the happiness of the group, not more than one. Wages earned by workers, can feed families, permit children to go to school and raising reinforcement standards. popular egoism permits the association of egoist if they consider a commonality mark or interest.In summary, Asian producers may be employ the consequentialist ethic, taking decisions based on analytic thinking of the consequences. If the action can be beneficial enterprise for him including his profit-maximizing, then it must(prenominal)iness execute. Producers need to assess the consequences of to each one decision before applying. Only decisions get outing to positive consequences should be retained. Producers should not take into account the negative impact on their foreign competitors.The consequentialist ethic can also concern the Western Consumers. At the individual level the Western consumer exit search the product with the best value. The consumer is set about with two choices possible when it wants to buy textiles. Either buys the cheap Asian product practic whollyy of poor quality-. Either buys a Western product, a greater ladder -ensuring the quality in general-. To choose its product, the buyer can act by egoism or utilitarianism. That is to say that he result rely on consequentialist ethics, analyzing the consequences of his act before acting. If the consumer decides to support the western producers face, it provide consume Western. The afterlife node will therefore seek to consume local or national and evacuate products imported from Asia.From an Individual Egoism point of view, the consumer will move towards the cheapest product. The consequence of this act is the acquisition of a product at the lowest price offe red on the market. The consumer only thinks the consequences of his act that directly scratch them. It will therefore have difficulty in using Western.From an Universal Egoism point of view, the consumer will evaluate the impact of purchase for the group. That is to say to his country. It will consume Western because it is what produces the most positive consequences for their group. Eating local helps stimulate the economy of his country. This could lead to rising employment, wages, for object lesson, which ultimately produces an overall growth for the country.Utilitarianism theory based on the acts, leads consumers to ask themselves the future(a) question The act of buying the Western product, in this stage setting, there positive consequences? (From Wikipedia) The future customer will evaluate the context before acting. The context here is the issue of competitiveness of textile companies faces the West Asian competitors because of higher wage costs. This context has a direc t influence on price. In his quest protectionist the consumer will buy Western to support its economy. This theory ignores the positive consequences before carrying out(a) the act. It is based on the decision context. This theory is defined by Harsanyi in the following extractUtilitarianism theory based on reins, leads consumers to ask themselves the following question The sorbion of the rule must consume Western did have positive consequences? (From Wikipedia) According to this theory, the transition to action should not be based on the consequences of the act but on the monitoring of a pre-established rule. The vox populi covers all of the consequences of the sufferance of a rule. This theory is explained by Harsanyi as followsIf the rule is followed by all consumers in the market, then it will maximize the positive consequences of these actions. If this rule applies only to a single person or a small number it will not help, nor a positive effect.Consequentialist ethic is ba sed on seeking the maximization of happiness. To do this the component must evaluate the future consequences of his act, before the realization. If satisfied that the property will be maximized by the consequences of his act so he can achieve. In the example of Asian textile producer and the Western customer, both can adopt a consequentialist philosophy. This may have the effect of the object, then they are two players in a come backn market, and they therefore have to interact together.The analysis of the consequences of an act prior to its implementation may seem quite true-to-life(prenominal) in the economic framework. In general the research of an economic f agent is to maximize its profit, not its happiness. This is particularly true in the context of a company whose goal is to create wealth. To achieve business operates through rules. This helps avoid the unexpected. The actions follow rules and procedures. They are rarely judged individually.A Chinese textile producer org anizes its production to achieve the best returns while having low labour costs. This organic law allows it to be more competitive in terms of selling price compared to its Western competitors. But for that it must abandon the qualitative aspect of the product, instruction only on the quantity (economies of scale). But the quality of a product creates happiness. This is reflected in the pride of the worker and the satisfaction of the purchaser with respect to product features (comfort, strength ). Consequentialist ethic which relies on the Chinese producer take a highly competitive market, may also justify the opposite strategy. give thanks to this example, it is easy to see that consequentialism is not an absolute theory. It is also criticized by some pens.In the above get out focuses on the proportion of uncertain when an individual makes a decision. This uncertainty is due to the possible lack of information. Indeed, the federal agent is acting when consequentialist believ es that its actions will maximize happiness. Now to be sure, the officer must be informed of the situation surrounding before acting. That is not unceasingly possible. The agent will then make a decision based on his morality, but also information that may no longer be validated.The other limitation of consequentialism highlighted by Ruegger (University of Fribourg) is the emotional bond that can dwell between the actor and another individual involved in the action. The author explains that a relationship, or friendship, necessarily guide the choice of the agent. This factor will be stronger than the will to follow consequentialist ethics. In the case of Western consumer, this debate can easily be proved. Indeed, if the consumer chose the product with Western may be influenced by the fact that work-or a parent-for the Western firm that sells the product. He will choose the product it is indirectly linked to the detriment of the Asian product.These arguments can question the meri ts of consequentialist ethics. The consequentialism is a theory that seeks to promote the best actions. But the whimsey of morally good action seems random. It varies depending on the position of the individual faced with a situation. What are the influences experienced by the individual which are involve here. More precisely the lack of information, which may influence the decision of the agent (Hare, 1976). The existence of a link between the agent and another actor in a situation will influence the final decision (according to Ruegger). In the case of the Asian producer and consumer Western consequentialism also has its limits. The ultimate consumer may judge that would allow him to eat Asian savings and thereby increase its profit. For the Asian manufacturer, it could decide to increase the salaries of its workers to increase their happiness.Consequentialism can be interpreted as a philosophy, but not as an ethic.In A Theory of Justice, Rawls challenges utilitarianism. It high lights the fact that the actor is the sole judge of its actions according to this theory. But the individual judgments cannot be regarded as necessarily just.The ethics of sexual abstention is based study knew the character of the individual. This ethic is composed of deservingnesss that is to say, of character traits. For Aristotle, the quadruplet cardinal virtues are courage, modesty, Generosity, and spirit of justice. Today its list of virtues is longer. The actions of individuals are considered good when they are consistent with these principles. In addition to considering the character of the actor must take into account the circumstances of the action.For example, an honest person is defined as followsFor Aristotle, the virtuous man is he who chose the voice of moderation. Asian Textile producer must follow this path to adopt the ethics of virtue. It must tack its behaviour. Here are some examples of virtuous behaviour. Higher wages and improve working conditions. That is to say be fairer.Increase the quality of products on the market. To do this we must invest in machinery, but also in formulation workers. That is to say, to show courage by taking a different despatch from Asian competitors.The Asian manufacturer must rethink the way they act to adopt the ethics of virtue. By adopting this ethic, it may present on the market products that meet the expectations of Western consumers the best quality products. And also improve its image. any(prenominal) producers still use child labour. It hurts their image. By adopting the ethics of virtue, this situation could change. The product quality can be improved. This can be guaranteed by good-natured international awards such as ISO Standards. The quality of the work environment and the schooling of workers can also be improved.The use of virtue ethics should lead to the adoption of virtuous behavior. This may allow the Asian producers, to respond other than to Western consumers. This requires a change of image. Improving the image can give confidence to consumers and thereby attract and retain them.Campodonico show in the excerpt below, the place of ethics of virtue todayIn this excerpt, the author argues that the adoption of the virtues described by Aristotle is still possible today. An Asian textile producer can adopt the ethics of virtue. The author focuses on the rapidly changing environment. But he thinks that ethics defined by Aristotle can pick out with this kind of context.However, it should be noted that the ethics of virtue is not always applicable in todays business environment. Indeed modern management organizations are often based on different values of ethics. The main example is the corporate management. It is the management of the company by shareholders. This form is becoming increasingly important in modern economies. In this type of management decisions are often made in relation to their potential profitability. On the other hand, decisions are often made b y groups (board of directors, lobbyists ). The decision to act based on the judgments of several individuals. This makes it difficult to apply under behavior, as all individuals within a group dont necessarily virtues. The final decision may be devoid of ethical virtue. Given this context of virtue ethics seems to be a good idea, but impractical.He should remember that virtue ethics is another way for the Asian manufacturer to behave on the market. She has differences with consequentialism. The main principle of this ethic is the study of the character of the actor, rather than the consequences of his actions. The goal is similar, is act morally right and good. The principles of virtue, whose bases were designed by Aristotle, remain valid even today. But there are serious doubts on the first step of applied in modern company.

Theory of Economics in the Film Industry

surmisal of economics in the photographic film attentionIntroductionIn this test I shall examine the possibleness of economical science within the hire persistence and how it contri plainlyes to the tabooput and diffusion of mainstream Hollywood paintings. For the purposes of this analyze I shall be seeking and commenting merely upon Hollywood proceedss.My research allow include an examination of different theories that examine and explain how economics shape the right smart that hold is stripped passel to its bargon essentials so that the argument of devising mental pictures faecal matter gravel in earnest. Throughout this essay I shall investigate the grandeur of cypher, earshot, genre, heros and guidance ratings in relation to the achievement of a delineation. With the collation of this data I shall look for how these economic factors sculpt what is recognised as mainstream Hollywood cinema analyse how important they argon in shaping the strengt hs and limitations of what is exhibited onto cinema screens across the worldly concern. exploitation this field of operation I shall argue the pros and cons of how a rigidly body body structured pains can produce works of art, passion and brilliance whilst being pre rampd all everyplace by a business-orientated mentality that should, in theory, stifle whatever notional development. In my conclusion I aim to explain how this is possible and what may lie ahead in the future.Economics of FilmThe way that economics work in record is complex. There argon a great(p) number or variables that need to be taken into consideration from the counterbalance when preparing whatsoever kind of financial package to put a film project into carrying out. This green lighting psychoanalysis convergems to shake be love an particular science over the socio-economic classs in Hollywood it has had to be as the average budget to pull in and market an-MPAA accredited major film in 2005 was $96.2 million (this includes $60 million in prejudicious cost and $36.2 million in marketing costs).1 With the average budget bestowling almost $ coulomb million the stakes argon gamy, and the pressure to recoup the costs and go on to make the film an official success be immense. dis identical low budget films where the emphasis is to produce the film for as petty(a) money as possible, Hollywood aims high and expects high homecomings. It is this importance of making money in Hollywood that has led to goodspread criticism of its methodological analysis of producing films. How can art be held at ransom to the demands of cash fall forecasts and daily target sales? In his book, Hollywood Cinema, Ric gruelling Maltby questioned this paradox For the double-dyed(a) Romantic in us all, Hollywood is not Art because it is commercial. For the usual Marxist in us all, Hollywoods enslavement to the profit ashes marrow that all its products can do is covertly reproduce the dom inant political orientation of bourgeois capitalism.2 In its simplest form it is possible to split Hollywood into cardinal significant camps the business of making movies and the production of film. Obviously this is an extreme simplification, scarce for the basis of this essay it can be used to identify how the images we see on the silver screen on a Friday night begin life as a controversy of figures and calculations on an economists lap efflorescence. The fact that Hollywood is a multi-billion dollar industry guarantees its survival. It deserves to be coded upon as a completely different entity to any other artistic strong point such(prenominal) as photography, painting or sculpture. The reality is that the audience in reality sees an identical copy (a reproduction), but this does not take outdoor(a) anything from the maestro work. It is not like going to a museum and looking at a reproduction print of a work of art instead of the developed brushstrokes of the artist. As such there is no real loss in value because of this. Ric delicate Maltby writes that The economics of Hollywood rely expressly upon this technical possibility, since any number of prints can be struck from an original master negative and exhibited simultaneously.3There have been umpteen different models that have been submitd to analyse the plow of how economics work in Hollywood. The common denominator of these theories is that the most effective way of analyze the long suit of film is to study it on its own merits and not as a broad comparison to other media. This focused view of film in the field of economics has been labelled as micro-economic research Given the provoke characteristics of movies as estimatel interpreters of differentiated products and of the institutional arrangements giving medication their production and distribution, such increased data availability would make this an exceptionally attractive area for applied micro-economic research.4 In the late 1970s, American economist Thomas Guback wrote his essay Are We Looking at the Right Things in Film? in which he argued that the study of cinema seemed to ignore the analysis of cinema as an economic institution and as a metier of communication5. Nearly thirty years on Gubacks concerns are sedate relevant in that a lot more direction is given to the understanding of a films economics. another(prenominal) economist, prof Robert Picard, explained the importance of audience consumption in 1989 when he stated that Media economics is concerned with how media operators meet the nurtureal and entertainment wants and needs of audiences, advertisers and society with available resources. It deals with the factors influencing production of media goods and services and the al emplacement of those products for consumption.6 When Picard speaks of the wants and needs of the audience he is introducing a wide range of attributes that need to be turn to when contemplating how a film must be p roduced to subjectively please its audience, and therefore returning its costs. This concern is highlighted in the industrial organisation model created by Douglas Gomery. In it he describes how the psychoanalyst must focus on the objective description of the organisation (in this contingency the film production) and not the subjective response (how the audience reacts) The industrial system of rules model of structure, conduct, and performance provides a powerful and useful analytical mannikin for economic analysis. victimization it, the analyst seeks to define the size and scope of the structure of an industry and so go on to examine its economic behaviour. two of these steps require analyzing the status and operations of the industry, not as the analyst wishes it were. Evaluation of its performance is the final step, a careful weighing of what is versus what ought to be.7What these theorists introduce to the equation is that there are many problems that need to be addressed before embarking on the goal of putting a film into production. This incredulity is readdressed by Arthur de Vany in his book, Hollywood Economics. In it de Vany explains the uniqueness of each undivided project and how its life as a commercial product in the theatrical market is hazardous. He introduces the idea that films exist in a battling arena, a buffet- sureness tournament, fighting against one another for the publics guardianship gesture pictures live and die in the cuff-office tournament as they are challenged during their run by a haphazardly evolving cast of new competitors. The challengers take from films previously outletd and from newly released films. The contgoaling films are rolled by filmgoers and those with high rank survive and are carried over to the next week. Low ranked films trailt and are replaced by new cont expiryers.8 This colourful analogy of films as knights in shining armour jousting for the acceptance of the audience is a perfect example of how weaker films (financially rather than artistically in most Hollywood films) are a lot tossed aside by thumpingger and stronger productions. He continues to say that The leading products predominate a disproportionate share of the market and they have longer runs. level then, a films rank in the tournament is ephemeral and its life unpredictable.9 Using de Vanys theory it becomes apparent that certain actions by the parties responsible for production prove vitally important to the success of the project. These actions are described by Albert Moran in his study of film policy Policy is a serial of practice engaged in by an agency whether government, private, or commercial to achieve a particular set of outcomes.10 These outcomes, in this particular nerve the target being that of a successful movie release, rely on many attributes and the policy exists in a complex field modify by factors such as constitutional and legislative arrangements, general economic conditions, the prevailing culture, social awareness, and technological capacities, as well as such human agencies as politicians, business entrepreneurs, white- and blue-collar labour, bureaucrats, and cultural and social workers.11It is well-to-do to be bogged down by so many different economic models and theories when analysing how the Hollywood system works. With so many factors influencing the results the process becomes a minefield of potential be sick difference disasters waiting to happen. How can anyone truly predict what is going to be a successful film? Writer Harold Vogel highlights this quandary when he points out that Of any 10 major theatrical films produced, on the average 6 or 7 are unprofitable, and 1 will break even off.12 If we were to surmise that this disceptation of ten films were produced by the identical studio in one year then the models as used by Picard, Gomery, et al really do not ease the pressure faced by the film executives. The cold, hard facts point at notwithstanding a 20-30% success rate in their annual production slate recouping their costs. It is all very well studying the market, assessing the competition and second-guessing the audiences preferences, but the fact is that 60-70% of the studios product will lose money. If we reintroduce the MPAAs statistic that the average major release in 2005 cost around $100 million, it would mean that the studio understands that only two movies from their annual releases must do enough business at the stripe office to recoup their own costs as well as the costs of the $700 million from the other eight films. According to the MPAA in the ripe calendar year of 2005, only eight films grossed over $200 million, dozen films grossed $100 $199 million and 36 films grossed $50 $99 million.13 Economic models can only interpret the market to a certain point blind faith takes over after that. Vogel breaks away from the other theorists by boldly stating that There are no formulas for success i n Hollywood. We find that frequently conventional Hollywood wisdom is not valid. By making strategical choices in booking screens, budgeting and hiring producers, directors and actors with marquee value, a studio can order a movie to improve its chances of success. But, after a movie opens, the audience decides its fate. The exchange of randomness among a large number of individuals interacting personally unleashes a dynamic that is complex and unpredictable.14 Vogels theory on the exchange of information from the public audience unleashing a complex and unpredictable dynamic typifies the world in which the Hollywood film is in a flash being make. It is now, more than ever, that the success of a film in the box office is paramount to how Hollywood works. He describes the essence of the movie business as this The mean of box-office receipts is dominated by a few blockbuster movies and the hazard distribution of box-office outcomes has infinite variance The distribution of box -office revenues is a member of the class of probability distributions cognize as Lvy stable distributions. These distributions are the limiting distributions of sums of random variables and are appropriate for modelling the box-office revenues that motion pictures earn during their theatrical runs moving-picture show projects are, in reality, probability distributions and a proper assessment of their prospects requires one to do a risk analysis of the probabilities of extreme outcomes.15 What I believe Vogel is formulation is that the importance of ticket sales from the box office shapes the type of movie that the studio will produce. A blockbuster film that boasts a moving in up of A-list trails will fare significantly better than a film that has no stars attached the fact that the blockbuster might be an artistically inferior film has no real relation to its success. In turn, the bigger the picture the more batch go to see it. The more people go to see it, the longer it runs at the cinemas. The longer it runs at the cinemas, the more revenue the studio gets back. This means that a studio is more liable(predicate) to release a major film, perhaps one of its 20% profit-movies, with big stars attached this acts as insurance that it should, theoretically, be widely accepted by the audience. Vogel adds that The complex dynamics of personal interaction amidst viewers and potential viewers overwhelm the initial conditions. The difficulties of predicting outcomes for individual movies is more sensible than the flow rate practice of greenlighting individual movie projects.16 Therefore the studios can have a clearer idea of how the movie is going to fare if there is a star attached. This is a Hollywood trait that has been successful since the 1920s and the Hollywood star System.If you were to ask an average cinema goer what the most important fragment of a Hollywood blockbuster was the answer, more often than not, would be that of an A-list star in the lead ing role. This is not a modern phenomenon in Hollywood. The star system was first professionally handled with the introduction of United Artists, a natural endowment management company formed by D.W. Griffith, Charlie Chaplin, Douglas Fairbanks, William S. Hart and Mary Pickford in 1919. Nearly ninety years later the importance of the agent in Hollywood can determine the success of an entire studio it is their customer that attracts a vast number of the public to the cinemas. If it wasnt for the love occasion that the viewing public has for celebrity then Hollywood would be a different place, yet the power of Hollywood as the market drawing card in film is unassailable even from competitive new film nations such as Indias Bollywood productions. The Big cardinal (Warner Bros., Paramount, Twentieth speed of light Fox, Sony, Disney, and Universal) and the Hollywood stars still front the production. As Douglas Gomery writes The Big half dozen studios kept up(p) a growing appetit e for hot new talentss. By the late-1990s newcomers Gwyneth Paltrow and Ben Affleck, as well as proven box-office winners like Jim Carrey and Tom Cruise, could command $20 million a picture.17 He argues that the current climate of Hollywood movie production is more akin to the Golden Age of the 1930s and 1940s. He believes that zip fastener much has changed in this time as the Big Six still have a dominant control over production and distribution the end of the 20th century was the era when the Big Six in Hollywood achieved its greatest power and profitability.18 Another believer in the power that stars have over a films performance at the box office is S. Abraham Ravid who was analysed the impact of well-known and well-loved acting talent on individual productions Profitability studies have been closely related to the study of stars. Stars have constantly been a puzzling phenomenon. Some stars seem to have vastly superior talents, whereas many others do not seem very different i n looks or any other observable characteristics from many other talented performers. Yet, they receive vastly more attention, money, and recognition than anybody else.19Another important factor in understanding the economics of Hollywood is by analysing the demographics involved in worldwide releases. According to the figures from the MPAA, in 2005 the total national box office receipts in the United States remained near $9 billion and global box office receipts came in at over $23 billion. Admissions in US cinemas decreased 8.7% in 2005 to 1.4 billion.20 The importance of understanding how the audience reacts to certain types of films is paramount in determining what projects are most likely to recoup their production budgets. One way of assessing this information is by identifying what genre of film is most successful at the box office. I shall examine the importance of genre in Hollywood later in the essay, but for the time being I shall focus on the importance of the films appo inted rating. In the UK the British room of Film miscellany (BBFC) uses a scale of ratings to give the public information that empowers them to make appropriate viewing decisions for themselves and those in their care.21 In the United States the miscellanea system is similar yet it is not fully enforceable as it is here in the UK. The MPAA ratings range from G (General Audiences similar to our U), PG (Parental Guidance), PG-13 (Parents Strongly Cautioned similar to our 15), R (Restricted similar to our 18) and NC-17 (Over 18 Only). Using the statistics supplied by the MPAA it is apparent that, consistent with past years, PG-13 films comprised the volume of fade grossers for the industry, with PG and PG-13 films accounting for 85% of 2005s top 20 films22 In closer inspection the top 20 grossing films were make up of 5% G-rated, 25% PG-rated, 60% PG-13-rated and 10% R-rated. It is also evoke to note that since 1968, nine of the top ten grossing films have been PG and PG-13-rate d (the other is R-rated) this is even though only 33% of films released since 1968 are PG or PG-13-rated compared to 58% of R-rated movies. 23 In his studies, Arthur de Vany examined a ten year occlusion of Hollywood production and frame some interesting facts From 1985 to 1996, inclusive, Hollywood made 1,057 R-rated movies just 60 G-rated movies were made during that same period R-rated movies accounted for 52 percent of the 1,689 movies that did not quality a star and they accounted for 57 percent of the movies that did feature a star. The 100 stars of the A-list place in, produce or direct more often in R-rated movies than in any other rating.24 Using the same research data it is interesting to note that less than three per cent of low budget R-rated movies include a star compared with ten per cent of medium budget and 45 per cent of high budget productions Success rates are a more representative measure of revenue earning power than is the number of high grossing films. The success rate for R-rated movies is just 6 percent, whereas 13 percent of G- and PG-rated movies are hits and 10 percent of PG-13 movies are hits. The box-office success rates for all non-R-rated movies (G, PG and PG13) are twice the rate for R-rated movies.25Mainstream HollywoodTo summarise all the information I have analysed above, it would seem that the best possible way for a Hollywood executive to decide whether to green light a project would be to make sure that the film was directed by a known director, starred two A-list actors and had a PG-13 rating. Also to be taken into consideration would be adaptations of ordinary books or remakes of previous films. True to form, Hollywoods Big Six released the following last year Star Wars 3 Revenge of the Sith (Fox) Harry Potter (Warner Bros.) The Chronicles of Narnia (Buena Vista) War of the Worlds (Paramount) King Kong (Universal) and Hitch (Sony). It is no coincidence that these six films from the Big Six represent six of the top eleven grossing films, with a combined gross box office total of almost $1.6 billion.26 However, as previously mentioned it is the R-rated movie that is the most popular release in Hollywood. This is mainly due the subject matter of the story that classifies it as such. This subject matter is defined by genre. Film is a medium that can be divided, and subdivided, into different categories. These categories allow the filmmaker to choose what zeal the script will be filmed with. The resulting production will then attract an audience that appreciates that unique(predicate) type of film. These categories and sub-categories are referred to as genres and sub-genres. The idea of genre caters mainly for the mass-produced studio films, most notably those of Hollywood. In his book Genre and Hollywood, author Steve Neale iterates this by stating that The definition and word of genre and genres in the cinema has tended to focus on mainstream, commercial films in general and Hollywood films in particular.27 This is supported by another generator of genre, Barry Keith Grant, when he identifies that genre movies are those commercial feature films which, through repeating and variation, tell familiar stories with familiar characters in familiar situations.28 The most popular genres such as action, comedy, gangster and war films are almost always classified as an R-rating this is why such a large voice of Hollywood production falls into this category.So why is it that Hollywood still gambles on making films that, according to models, theories and past experience will not go on to make the studios rich? At the start of this essay I simplified the Hollywood process by splitting it between the business and the art. The business of Hollywood is to make money by get audiences to watch their product, however, it is not as simple as that (thankfully). Even though it may seem that Hollywood is run by men in suits, there is still a lot of power held by the artists. These artist s are in turn respected by the business men because they make them money. This money is made by investing in their ideas and vision. This vision is what in the end makes it onto the big screen. There are hugely identifiable strengths weaknesses in the Hollywood system this is best demonstrated using the first film from the list I have just mentioned. Star Wars III Revenge of the Sith grossed $380 million and is a blockbuster science-fiction film. When the original Star Wars was released in 1977 there was nothing to compare it to, it created a new style of filmmaking that was light years away from the B-movie science-fiction films previously. Admittedly, the hype of the film and its predecessors certainly helped its success at the box office but it is still a movie that exemplifies the Hollywood experience nice escapism. It can be labelled as painting by poesy in so much that it has a popular director (George Lucas), a couple of A-list stars (Ewan McGregor, Samuel L. Jackson) and a PG-13 rating. However, these attributes are just that minor factors that make up the whole. Twenty years ago when Hollywood was in its darkest hour, such a major project would probably never have been given the notorious green light. The early 1980s saw a dramatic drop in box office receipts. The beginning of the decade saw a 9% drop in tickets sold nationwide in American cinemas when only 1.02 billion were sold. This figure got worse in 1986 when just over 1.01 billion tickets were sold29 (compared to over 4.5 billion ticket sales in 1930). The category video market had certainly dented theatrical sales but Hollywood would always recoup somehow. The immediate problem was the cost of charge cinemas open a similar situation to the post Depression period of the 1930s. Another financial reshuffle was in order. The Big Six were now part of conglomerates. disconnection western (Paramounts parent company) also owned capital of Wisconsin Square Gardens, Desilu, Simon and Schuster, and Paramount Pictures Television. Yet, only 11% of Gulf Westerns revenues were derived from entertainment industry holdings and just 4% from Paramount Pictures in 1981. That same year, United Artists was bringing only 12% of the revenues in for Transamerica, Universal equal 22% of MCAs income, and Warner Bros. accounted for 24% of Warner confabulations revenue.30 However, by 1989, the entertainment division of Gulf Western, led by Paramount Pictures, accounted for over 50% of Gulf Westerns yearly income during a year in which Paramount had only fourteen releases and a 13.8% share of the market thanks to the success of inch Jones and the Last Crusade ($197 million domestic box office),31 demonstrating again just how important a single film had become by the end of the 1980s. These blockbusters were to save Hollywood and allow it to grow stronger, and in 2002 ticket sales were over the 1.52 billion mark which was the highest figure for over twenty years, and the blockbuster con tinues to support the film industry to this day. Without the blockbuster there would not be the same number of people visiting the cinema. Without these audiences cinemas would close. Without the cinemas there would not be the same number of films released and only the blockbuster would survive. In typical Hollywood irony it is the blockbuster that is lay asideing world cinema and low budget cinema alive.ConclusionHollywood is more than just a location on the map. Hollywood is a business, a factory, a production line, a pool of talent, a byword for escapism and a place where dreams come true. Over one coulomb years ago when Edwin S. Porters 1903 movie The Great Train Robbery introduced complex narrative structure in its editing techniques, and a decade later D.W. Griffiths 1915 feature The Birth of a Nation grossed $10 million at the box office, it was evident that Hollywood had firmly grasped the concept of making movies. One hundred years later it is still producing films that m ake enough money to keep the business running.In conclusion to my research I have arrange that Hollywood operates on the basis that economics contribute considerably to the end product of the films produced. Without an in depth knowledge of how the market works the system would come crashing down. It would seem that this dependence on economic structure and theory would stagnate the film industry only allowing the studios to release films that were targeted to a specific audience with restricted themes that would guarantee a return on profits. However, the statistics do not back this theory up. Hollywood does release blockbuster films that are almost generic in the way that they play, but the vast majority of films released are not going to return the costs involved. This is where the artistic side of Hollywood shines through. The fact that Hollywood is run as a business does not stop it producing the occasional work of art. There are not many businesses or industries that operate on the basis that around 70% of its product will make a financial loss. This is where the strengths and weaknesses of mainstream Hollywood are most visible. The 20% of film releases that go on to make a profit are all around us advertising, marketing, merchandising, et al. Sometimes it is hard to get away from the Hollywood publicity machine that pumps its information out to the public, but this is the only way that it can get a return on its investments. It is the blockbuster that keeps the industry running, and as such we have to be prepared that for every Harry Potter there is a Brokeback circumstances and a Capote. BibliographyBurton, Graeme (2002) More than Meets the Eye (Third Edition) Arnold publishingCurran, James (2000) Mass Media and hostel Arnold Publishingde Vany, Arthur S. (2003) Hollywood Economics How Extreme Uncertainty Shapes the Film assiduity RoutledgeGomery, Douglas (1989) Media Economics Terms of Analysis Critical Studies in Mass Communication (Volume 6, Num ber 1)Gomery, Douglas (2003) The Economics of Hollywood Money and Media in Alexander, Alison et al ed. (2003) Media Economics Theory and Practice Lawrence Erlbaum AssociatesGrant, Barry Keith (1986) Film Genre Reader University of Texas Press capital of TexasLewis, Jon (1996) Trust and Anti-Trust in the New Hollywood Michigan Quarterly suss out Volume 351Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell PublishingMoran, Albert (1998) Film Policy Hollywood and Beyond in Hill, John Church Gibson, Pamela eds. (1998) The Oxford precede to Film Studies Oxford University PressNeale, Steve (1999) Genre and Hollywood Routledge LondonPicard, Robert (1989) Media Economics Concepts and Issues keen-sighted PublicationsRavid, S. Abraham (2005) Film Production in the Digital Age What Do We bed about the Past and the Future? in Moul, Charles C. (2005) A Concise handbook of Movie Industry Economics Cambridge University PressSmith, Sharon P. Smith, Kerry V. (1986) Successful Movies A anteri or semiempirical Analysis Applied Economics (issue 185)Vogel, Harold L. (1990) Entertainment Industry Economics A Guide for Financial Analysis Cambridge University PressWasko, Janet (2003) How Hollywood Works sage-green PublicationsUS agency Market 2005 Statistics Leaflet Motion Picture Association of AmericaBritish Board of Film Classification website www.bbfc.co.ukBox Office Mojo website www.boxofficemojo.comThe Numbers website www.the-numbers.com1Footnotes1 Statistic taken from the US Theatrical Market 2005 Statistics Motion Picture Association (p14)2 Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell Publishing (p45)3 Maltby, Richard (2003) Hollywood Cinema Blackwell Publishing (p45)4 Smith, Sharon P. Smith, Kerry V. (1986) Successful Movies A Preliminary Empirical Analysis Applied Economics (issue 185) (p506)5 Wasko, Janet (2003) How Hollywood Works Sage Publications (p6)6 Picard, Robert (1989) Media Economics Concepts and Issues Sage Publications (p7)7 Gomery, Douglas (1989 ) Media Economics Terms of Analysis Critical Studies in Mass Communication (Volume 6, Number 1) (p58)8 de Vany, Arthur S. (2003) Hollywood Economics How Extrem

The origins and aims of Dependency Theory

The origins and aims of dependance TheoryDependency possibility was established in 1950s by Raul Prebisch. Prebisch and his friends developed it in an set out to understand why some countries in the domain remained developing. There was a concern that the gameyer nations were prospering while pauperization heightened in the underdeveloped nations (Kendall, 2010). During that time, research showed that the frugal practices in the flush(p) nations were subservient in the measly countries deterioration. These results contrasted with the neoclassic conjecture that had stated that economic proceeds benefited all the countries. harmonise to Prebisch, the exports do by the shortsighted countries directly benefited the voluminous countries since they spend them as the raw materials for their industries.Surprisingly, these rich countries export the end products to the sad countries. Consequently, the rich countries earn foreign exchange at the expense of the short(p) countri es (Kegley, 2009). Some of them include the small internal markets in the underdeveloped countries, misfortune of the poor countries to make a change, and restriction of the poor countries to export their products. It is for this sympathy that the scholars developed the possible action of colony.Consequently, scholars developed the dependency surmisal in an attempt to justify the intensity of meagreness in the underdeveloped countries (Pfeffer, 2003). Earlier on, the neoclassical surmise condemned the poor countries, attributing their economic status to their delay in discourse making important economic decisions. However, the dependency possible action opposed their views with claims that p all overty in these countries resulted from exploitations by the capitalists (Ghosh, 2000).The dependency theorists argued believe that the internationalisticistic imperialists ar submissive in the perpetuation of dependency in the poor countries. One of these theorists is Andre Gu nder forthright who asserts that further underdevelopment of the poor countries is ca employ by the capitalists economic practices (Daft, 2010). Dependency theory is ground on the Marxist theories that explain the reasons for the international inequality. They assert that economic elites use idealism and realism ideologies in order to justify disparities among the wealthy and poor countries worldwide (Brewer, 2010). Therefore, dependency theory bases its arguments on the Marxist theories. Dependency theory argues that the developed countries use the concept of class to establish trustworthy strategies that keep and support their needs.There ar certain principles of the dependency theory that be establish on the Marxist theory. First, it states that the world is segmented into certain classes based on economy rather than politics. It asserts that the economy is superior to politics. Therefore, the theory holds that the imperialists created spherical state system so as to addre ss the interests of the rich countries and organizations (Johnson, 2009). This explains the current poverty in the poor countries, and prosperity in the wealthy nations. The rich and the poor countries form vital split of the world system. That is the rich countries are that the central rich nations that posses and prosper from the natural resources (John, 2007). On the former(a) hand, the poor countries give the majority of the human and natural resources that the rich nations exploit. Therefore, the rich nations stupefy advantage of the poor countries resources in furthering their economic activities. As a result, the economic cleft amid these countries widens. Additionally, the theory argues the spheric economic laws perpetuate the international inequality. For instance, one of these influential laws is the World Trade Organization (Ritzer, 2003).The dependency theory and the other Marxist theories try to explore ways of addressing the issue of international economic diffe rence. One of these ways is involves the efforts to bring change among themselves. They should make workable economic decisions and policies that are capable of changing their status in a way. This means that their strategies should aim at freeing them from the economic bondage by the strong international forces. They should also champion for the reduction of the wealthy countries domination on their economic activities. For example, they should seek ways of breaking the import barriers in the case of the import substitution. Although brusk is not the initiator of the underdevelopment theory, he made it very popular (Bardach, 1998). He borrowed a lot of Paul Barans work. He believes that capitalism is caused by underdevelopment in the developing countries in the world.There are certain reasons that led to the rum development in these countries. Furthermore, weenie maintain that the increase in the imperialism in Europe is influential in transforming the world into one global sy stem. He further explains the extent to which these capitalists had gained access to the Latin America. Subsequently, this has a negative impact on the countrys economy. This, in turn, results in uneven development across the nations. For instance, in that location are some places that we realize plus development while others record underdevelopment. This happens because the world system consists of the metro-polis satellite dealings. These relations are used by the satellite but not connected to the satellite. Using the examples of Chile and Brazil, Frank explains that Chile had an experience of monopoly of imperialists structure (Martin, 2002). As a result, these metropolis relations facilitate a stronger bond surrounded by the capitalists and the metropolises to their respective centers. It also extends the capitalists rule to the businessmen, stockholders and the tenants. In Brazil, Frank had the same ideas on the effect of capitalism in the country. He explains the transmi ssion of these capitalistic effectuate from the merchants to the tenants.Additionally, Frank elaborates on the involvement of the monopolistic system in the countries. According to him, this system involves the poor usage and wastage of a countrys resources in the system (Chilcote, 2003). The unequalized expropriation and appropriations lead to the development and the underdevelopment of the countries hence the difference in the economic status.Imperatively, Frank elaborated on the operations of the satellites and their effects on the world system. First, he explains that the political, social, and cultural aspects are linked to the metropolis. Secondly, establishes that a metropolis is having dependent progress. Thirdly, in that location are weak bonds between the satellites and the metropolis. The fourth idea is that strengthening of these links might result in further underdevelopment of the metropolises.Nevertheless, Frank opposed the concept that underdeveloped world had m ore than one economies the current and the ancient economies. He explains that capitalism had deepened its roots in Latin America. Though these countries seemed to be doing ell economically, there was a decrease in the performance of the export industries. For example, there was a decline in the productivity of the sugar company in Brazilian North-East (Petrella, 2003). This collapse was as a result of weak ties between the metropolises. Therefore, anything that looked like feudal characteristics results from underdeveloped imperialism.There are certain criticisms of the dependency theory by certain scholars. Just like any other theory, dependency theory has its share of strengths and weaknesses. To start with, dependency theory has the sideline strengths. Firstly, the theory analyses the inequality existing between the poor and the rich countries. Moreover, the theory breaks some political bonds and explains reasons why the wealthy nations are taking advantage of the poor countrie s (Doukhan, 2003). Also, dependency theory dismisses the neoclassical theorys claim that the existing global inequality is caused by the poor countries laziness. In stead, it argues in favor of these underdeveloped countries and blames the imperialists.On the contrary, certain scholars argue that the theory has some limitations. One of the weaknesses concerns the theorist, over-generalization and over simplification. Explicitly, frank should have investigated other parts of the world other than Latin American situation. In such a situation, it is essential several(predicate) parts of the world, for example, the African countries and Asia (Martin, 2002). Therefore, his ideas are not realistic in that he used a few examples in his arguments.Another weakness of the dependency theory is that does not explain other factors that lead to underdevelopment other than the role vie by the wealthy nations. The terms core and periphery are different from the terms traditional and modern.Additi onally, dependency theory is weak in that in Frank failed in his attempt to provide solutions to the situation. His suggestions were very false and over-ambitious. Moreover, these solutions created certain dependencies among themselves. For example, it was impossible for Cuba to disentangle itself from the economic dominion with the USA (Willer, 1999).Furthermore, Frank essay to prove that the imperialism is the major cause of the economic difference. Instead, he bases arguments on unrealistic perceptions. In addition the theory is weak in that Frank failed to librate all class relations in his ideas. He also misinterpreted the Marxists concepts. Frank only addresses market relations.Some critics also challenge the theory by maintaining that it will cause corruption with the higher markets and the other markets. Corruption is quite an intense in the government industries than in than in others. It also causes miss of competition in the industries of both wealthy and poor countr ies. The completion is as a result of the restriction of imports to the poor countries, and subsidization of inducements (Ghosh, 2000).Finally, dependence theory encompasses certain scholars such as Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Fernand Braudel, Giovanni Arrigi, Samir Amin, Hans Singer, Frank Gunder and Raul Prebisch.In conclusion, dependency theory is influential in explaining the international inequality in terms of economy. addiction theory asserts that the disparity is a resultant of the imperialism by the powerful and wealthy nations in the world. Therefore, they take advantage of the poor countries, hence widening the gap between them. However, there are a lot of criticisms on the theory that display more weaknesses than the strengths. Therefore, this theory may not be able in the explaining global inequality.

Holocaust Rememberance Day :: Free Essays

Then they came for me - and there was no one left to chat for me.Weve been taught that it is important to know history so that we can understand and get wind from past mistakes and avoid repeating them in the future. On May 2nd, one thousand millions of citizenry worldwide will remember the victims of the final solution as we observe the final solution Remembrance Day. Holocaust is the term that refers to the tragedy of the World War II, specifically the ethnic cleansing carried taboo by the Nazis. Counting around 11 million deaths, it is undoubtedly one of the most horrendous crimes committed against humanity. Holocaust encompasses the time period from 1938 to 1945 its victims range from Jews to physically disabled. Singled out as the basal target, the Jewish people suffered around 6 million deaths during the Holocaust, that being approximately 65% of European Jewry. However, they were not the only ones. Germans sought to really strip the human race. They targeted all the pe ople who were aroundhow different from their norms. 5 million people other than Jews were killed during the Holocaust these included homosexuals, gypsies, disabled, Jehovas witnesses and Polish people,the lean goes on and on. Asides from all the deaths, Nazis are famous for notorious experimentsthat they performed on disdain races in and outside of their concentration camps. They tore apartfamilies, often making parents watch their children being escorted to the gas chambers. 11 million people fled during the Holocaust, calculate how many lost their families. On May 2nd you will watch out black tablecloths and burning candles on them. You can also see some movies and statistics. When you do see this, stop for just a second and signify about those 11 million. If anything good can ever come out of the Holocaust, let it be the lesson for future generations. This lesson can be summarized in language of Martin Niemoller, an anti-Nazi German

Essay --

doodly-squat BrehenyFebruary 14, 2014Research Paper Dred Scott was one of many famous African Americans who, along with others, helped abolish sla really in the United States of America. He did this questioning by how he could be kept as a buckle down and interact like a slave when he lived in slave justify territory. Just his little bit of questioning added up to the big centre of things that helped to abolish slavery. Dred Scott was born into slavery sometime in 1803 in randomness Hampton County,Virginia, but his hometown was St. Louis, atomic number 42. His birth name was Sam Scott, but he adopt his older brothers name, Dred, when he died at a very young age. Dreds parents were slaves. He and his family belonged to Peter Blow and his family. Dred started his first job, to proceeds care of the Blow children who werent much younger than him, when he was four. In addition to Dred being a slave, he was employed as a farmhand, stevedore, craftsman, and general han dyman. Dred moved around a lot from Alabama, Illinois, and eventually move to St. Louis, Missouri. When Dred was 15 in 1818, his family moved to Alabama with the Blows. His owner, Peter Blow, had six children so Dreds job was to keep track of the children. Dred never learned to fill or write so if there were any type of signs on the way to Alabama or anywhere they most likely do no sense to him at all. Sometime in 1820, Dreds future day wife, Harriett Robinson, was born into slavery. Ten years later, in around 1830, Dred moved with the Blows to St. Louis, Missouri and worked at the Jefferson hotel. His owner, Peter Blow, had no luck finding any wealth or success in farming so he refractory to use what money he had left to buy the Jefferson Hotel, in St. Louis, which was the slave ... ...to transfer ownership of the Scotts to Taylor Blow, Peter Blows son and puerility friend of Dred. On May 26, 1857 Dred and Harriet were given their unacquainted(p)dom by Taylor Blow. after Dred and his family were freed, they were interviewed and pictures of them were published in Frank Leslies Illustrated Newspaper on June 27, 1840. As a free family Dred Scott worked at Barnums Hotel in St. Louis as a porter. Dred also delivered laundry that Harriet took in working as a free laundress for the people that they lived around. On September 17, 1858 Dred Scott died of tuberculosis. He only lived as a free man for one and a half years. He is buried in St. Louis in the Blow family plot in martyrdom Cemetery. Harriet lived on and is believed to have died in 1870. Dred Scott like many other African Americans helped abolish slavery forever in the United States of America.

The Polemic about Tattoos :: essays research papers fc

The polemic about tattoosI was wondering why tattoos are a controversial point in our society There are bulk against and people that really like tattoos, but who is right? Should I c erstptualise it is a good or a bad thing? perhaps for the tattooists the art involves is worth the pain and sacrifice of being tattooed. For the religious, it is a ill-doing to sacrifice peerlesss body with so meaningless purpose. forthwith I dont think there are excuses to rationalize so drastic a way of art, but analyzing the points of view I will try to clarify some questions I still find about this body art such as the reason people have tattoos, When did tattooing start?, the dangers involved in this procedure, the removal of a tattoo and societys reaction to tattooed persons.Thinking it is weird to have anes body penetrated many times by a harass to make only a drawing I do not think is worth it. So, why do people have tattoos? wherefore it is a common place nowadays? Probably because p eople render that the tattoo is a way of expression, but the real motivation to beat it varies among groups and cultures. It marks thoughts, opinions, memoriesSome persons obtains tattoos as a means of asserting their individualized identity or sexual orientation. Tattoos may be a will to feelings of love, they have been associated with rites of passage and identification with groups. Nowadays tattoos is used for some enhancive medical procedures and permanent make-up applications, according to the National Institute of environmental Health Sciences web site. Some women seek facial tattooing as manner of permanent adornment that reduces the need of cosmetics, what tail end be helpful when, for example, a compromised pot impairs the ability to apply make-up. Talking with a friend who likes a solidifying of body art, Manoela Cunha, she said I like tattoos because they make me feel the one There is no one else in the world like me it is a way of identification. She adds It is n ot a rebellion of thoughts, its bonny something I like and I really dont oversee about other peoples judgment. She said it is not a traumatic thing, none of her 3 tattoos and her piercing hurt, and she is planning to get others.Analyzing the past, I can see it is not a recent thing. I read once in a web site about frequently asked

Ritalin And Its Uses Essay -- essays research papers

Ritalin and Its Uses     In recent years, more and more kids attend to be on a prescription drugcalled Ritalin(methylphenidate). This drug is universe handed out more and more bydoctors as a port of treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, a complexneurological impairnment that prevents kids from concentrating. fit in tothe Drug Enforcement Agency, it rose fron 200 grams per 100,000 people to over1400 grams per 100,000 people in the last fifteen years. The National Instituteof Mental Health estimates that close to one student in every classroom is believedto experience the pain. The enumerate of Ritalin use in the United States is atleast vanadium times higher than in the rest of the world according to federalstudies. Are doctors estimable catching this disabling affliction more oftentimes? Ordoes society just want a convenient right smart to solve a complicated line.     Ritalin is a central dying(p) sy substructure st imulant that is somewhat similarto amphetamines. It was created in 1955, classified as a controlled substancein 1971, and became the drug of choice for ADHD in 1981. It is also used intreating narcolepsy. It is thought to activate the brain stem arousal systemand cortex, and, like cocaine, works on the neurotransmitter dopamine. Itappears to increase the levels of dopamine in the frontal lobe where attentionand impulsive actions argon regulated. When taken in its intended form under adoctors prescritption, it has moderate stimulant properties. on that point has been agreat deal of concern about its addictive qualities and unbecoming affects.     ADHD is a relatively new disorder. It was introduced in 1980, where itwas labeled ADD(attention shortage disorder). In the 1950s, children weresimply labeled "hyperkinetic." The term "hyperactivity" was added in 1987,hence the reach ADHD. Not all children sustain the hyperactivity, and thus arelabeled to have ADD. ADD is not treated with Ritalin antidepressants are more usually used. One of the problems with the label ADHD is that just because achild whitethorn be overly hyper, doesnt mean the child is not paying attention. Theproblem is, the child is paying too much attention to too legion(predicate) things at thesame time.     ADHD is childrens 1 childhood psychiatric disorder. The prevalence isthree time... ...ere), irregular heartbeat andrespiration(may be profound and life threatening), anxiety, restlessness,paranoia, hallucinations, delusions, profuse repetition of movements andmeaningless tasks, and formicaton(sensation of bugs or worms crawling under theskin). It seems to be abuse by high school kids and college studentspredominantly. Although the drug is too complex to diligence illegally, andit doesnt create the euphoric effect that cocaine has, it seems to be an aid instudying for final exams. It allows students to stay up all night allowing themto organise much easier.It is important to remember that too many children in the States aresuffering from this ailment, and yet too many kids are getting pills instead ofproper care. Although Ritalin currently seems to be an effective way intreating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, we must not treat thisdisorder hastily. Our society must realize that prescription drugs can havejust as many complications as street drugs. Befor writing out a prescription,or carelessly diagnosing ADHD, we must remember that these are kids we aredealing with. They put all their faith in us to overhaul them, and not just tomedicate them.

The Very Idea of Humanity :: Philosophy Papers

The really Idea of HumanityWhy should we believe in much(prenominal) a thing as humanity? Should we accept appearances or take function as our guide? Should we point to some pragmatic advantage to be gained by believing it, or is thither proof? Philosophy offers such proof, contained in the moon hypothesis of the Buddha and Plato (and, more famously, Descartes). The woolgather hypothesis reveals our third estate ground. It refers to a familiar experience in terms of which young multitude of all(prenominal) time and place can substantiate why routine, authority, description and first principle, category, criterion, perception and paradigm might fail. But the dream hypothesis is about the transition from sleeping to waking. As familiar, this transition is an excellent finesse for teaching that similar transitions can happen to one who is already awake. The dream hypothesis is about the soul, and the capacity to choose not only ones actions only when also ones contexts. On the eve of the new millennium, we face responsibility for the results of our routines. The dream hypothesis promises to awaken a taste for foresight and negotiation. When we all understand the dream hypothesis, we allow for no longer worship our routines, but pass on be better judges of their utility. We will stand together when we outdo our cultures and recognize the capacity of all citizens of either nation, tribe, and culture to grow, that is, when we awaken to the disaster of waking up. This is a plea for the dream hypothesis-a sales pitch, if you will. We are here under the banner, Philosophy Educating Humanity. If philosophy is to educate humanity, the dream hypothesis will help prove to people of all tribes that on that point is such a thing as humanity. The dream hypothesis will introduce every child to its own humanity, but it will also introduce every child to the humanity of others. The dream hypothesis will increase the event of fully-functioning souls, that is to say, beings with the capacity to decide rationally what game to play, what interpretation to accept, what routine to follow. concord to some philosophers, the dream hypothesis is at best useless. Russell said as much in Problems of PhilosophyThere is no logical impossible action in the supposition that the whole of life is a dream, in which we ourselves name all the objects that come before us. But although this is not logically impossible, there is no reason whatever to