A Merchandise Management Analysis of Spar Supermarkets free essay sample

Through this we assume that the main focus of merchandise management for a retailer is to attract consumers by catering for their needs and wants. These needs and wants can be determined through demographical segmentation of the area around the retailer, focusing on an area of two kilometers around the retailer. An underlying assumption for the project is then made which will be proved or disproved through the careful observation of two different retailers. The assumption The merchandise management of a retail store is directly influenced by the demographics of the area around the retail store, especially that area within two kilometers of the store. Two retailers in different of the same company will be used in order to emphasis that the differences found within the retail stores stem from the demographics of the immediate area around the store. Observation research will be used to observe the anagement of inventory within the two retailers so that bias is limited to the observer and not influenced by consumers that are shopping within the store. We will write a custom essay sample on A Merchandise Management Analysis of Spar Supermarkets or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This however has a disadvantage in that the findings cannot be generalized to all retailers. The observations will be tallied in a table in order to easily determine the differences and through the interpretation of this information we will be able to determine the cause of the specific merchandise decisions and if it relates to the underlying assumption. From the interpretation and the theory that has been acquired, recommendations bout inventory management will be suggested in order to improve the amount of consumers that enter and shop at the retailer. Finally, a conclusion about whether the underlying assumption is supported by the evidence or in other words whether it is correct or not, will be made. 3 THEORETICAL DISCUSSION Managing merchandise In SUPERSPAR is a very particular exercise. There are many aspects of the merchandise and the store layout in order to maximize its efficiency as well as its sales with regard to the market that surrounds it. The grocery shopping experience is characterized by (1) multiple buying goals that must be achieved hrough the processing of a lot of in-store information such as products, brands, and point-of-purchase or POP information, and (2) repetition at regular time intervals (Whan Park, lyer Smith, 1989). This means that purchasing intentions and outcomes often differ because of a variety of factors relating to a customers situation or perhaps a group or segment of consumers situation. There are two factors influencing the purchasing of goods by consumers, these are time pressure and the knowledge of the store environment. These two factors are positively related to each other in that the consumers have a good knowledge of a etail store then they can usually reduce the time it takes to purchase what they need. Thus the ease of finding a product has some influence on the effects of failing to make an intended purchase (Whan Park, lyer Smith, 1989).ves.

Doryphoros by Polykleitos essays

Doryphoros by Polykleitos essays Sculptors of the Early and High Classical Grecian periods in art strived for perfection in creating the human form. They combined such features such as regular facial features, smooth skin, and particular body portions into an ideal of perfect beauty. Much as modern day advertisement has idealized the slender model as the new perfect female form. One such artist of the time was named Polykleitos of Argos. He was a well-known sculptor and art theorist. His aim in sculpting was to produce the perfect human figure using a mathematical equation to sculpt the body parts. It is believed that he used a basic unit ratio to measure the rest of the body parts. He set down his theory on the human for in a treatise known as The Canon and created a larger than life size sculpture he named Doryphoros and is now called The Spear Bearer. Unfortunately nobody knows exactly what that unit of measurement was because neither his treatise nor his statue survived the centuries. The Spear Bearer was created out of bronze, a popular medium at the time because of the ability to show more movement in bronze than in marble, which was the traditional medium. The Spear Bearer was one of the earliest statues to be show in the fully developed contraposto position. Earlier Greek artisans came up with the idea of contraposto. This is where all the weight of the figure in question appears to put all its weight onto one leg. This technique makes Doryphoros appear to be relaxed but a certain tension is there and he is ready to spring into action at a moments notice. Polykleitos combined this with a system called chiastic balance or cross balance where there is an active-passive sense of balance. The right arm of The Spear Bearer is relaxed and languid at his side while the left has tension from holding the spear over his shoulder. His right leg the opposite of the right arm and tensed t ...

Developmental psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Developmental psychology - Essay Example This viewpoint leaves no room for the nature part of the debate because if the mind is blank at birth, this means that there has been no role of genetics or heredity. According to him, it is only the nurture that shapes and stimulates the mind because at the time of our birth, we do not own any already developed personality traits. This points to the fact that a child can be made to develop any kind of personality through nurture which includes his social interactions, surroundings, experiences, cultural aspects, religion, and etcetera. Hence, according to Locke, a child’s mind depends upon the society for its formulation. Jean Jacques Rousseau’s views on nature versus nurture debate The French philosopher, Rousseau, believed that the nature is responsible for the development of behavioral characteristics of an individual and contrary to what Locke’s believed, Rousseau stated that human mind is somewhat developed when a child is born and it does show behavior tha t the child has inherited from its parents (Crain). That means genes are responsible for the makeup of the human mind. Rousseau believed that no one of us knows what our nature wants us to become. We are helpless because whatever our nature, inherited to us through biological factors, has intended for us will come our way.

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Economics - Essay Example The main reason for the differences coming short may so be given by the treasury was the previous failings of monetary policy. In their description of the new monetary framework of October 1999, the principal argument was that previously there had been that numerous shortcomings in the design and conduct of monetary policy. Objectives were often inappropriate or unclear, while decisions were often poorly coordinated with fiscal policy or were made too late to prevent inflationary pressures from building. Roles and responsibilities were also ill-defined, creating the impression that policy decisions could be based on short-term political considerations. A lack of transparency hindered accountability and meant that policy-makers were unable to build credibility (Balls, & ODonnell, 2002). Given that the Treasury was conducting both monetary and fiscal policy prior to giving independence to the Bank, this is a remarkable statement. It seems to be either a vote of no confidence in the Treasury, or in the incoming government. It was argued that previous governments had often accompanied an apparently tough budget with an interest rate cut, only to raise interest rates again shortly afterwards, when the budget proved more inflationary than expected. As a result, they proposed that a test of fiscal policy was whether an independent Bank would change interest rates following a budget. Their finding under the new monetary policy arrangements was that interest rate changes did not seem related to the previous budget (Goodhart, 2006). A possible test of what type of policy the Bank is pursuing may be possible when the Bank is faced by a supply shock. Interest rates control inflation through their effect on aggregate demand. Since a positive aggregate demand shock raises demand and inflation, the correct monetary policy response would be to offset the increase in aggregate demand by higher interest rates. In contrast, a negative supply shock- say an oil price increase,

U.S. Car Companies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

U.S. Car Companies - Essay Example The huge demand for the products of this industry in the domestic market of U.S., allowed the companies in the industry to enjoy economies of mass production (scale economies). This helped to speed up the rate of growth of the industry. At the beginning in 1890s, the U.S. auto industry began with approximately 100 automobile companies. These companies used to employ several modern technologies in their product and production processes. Steam engines, internal combustion engines and battery powered engines were the various types of engines found in the cars manufactured by these companies. Since that time, electric cars were available in the nation. The use of steam cars was also famous in the country; however, at times of cold weather, these cars could not be used. Lack of proper road infrastructure hindered this industry from expanding in the initial years. The Federal Aid Road in 1916 and the Federal Aid Highway Act in 1921, helped in allocation of substantial funds in U.S., to build proper roads. In 1896, Henry Ford introduced a new car company named The Ford Motor Company in U.S. Model T was the first model produced and sold by the company and its worth at that time was about $850. The model of the company became very famous in U.S. market and experienced high demand. High demand helped the company to enjoy economies of scale in production. This in turn reduced the cost of production and hence, profit and soon made the organization the largest auto company in the world. The next famous prominent auto company of U.S. that had become famous in the world market was General Motors Corporation (Hirsch 245). The company was founded by William Durant in 1908. The company acquired many small car producing firms, like, Cadillac and soon became a strong competitor of Ford Motor Company in the industry. Chrysler Group LLC was another famous car manufacturing company in

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Physiology and Features

Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome: Physiology and Features Discuss the inheritance, molecular and biochemical defects underlying the clinical features associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. The Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a rare heritable disorder of inborn error metabolism of purine which was examined in 1964 by Lesch and Nyhan. They investigated the two brothers with hyperuricemia and neurobehavioral problems and suggested that this disorder involves motor impairment and self-injurious behaviors (Lesch, M and Nyhan, W. L., 1964). The popularity of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is about 1 in 380000 individuals and this disorder presents solely in male. (Seegmiller, J. E., et al, 1967). It is passed on since the X-linked recessive trait causes genetic mutation followed by the exertion of an enzyme called hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT). In the metabolic condition, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is recognized by purine overproduction (Nyhan, W. L, et al, 1967) which contributes to increased level of uric acid significantly. The clinical features associate with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are briefly outlined and the inheritance, molecular and biochemical defects underlying the clinical features are also discussed. Figure 1. The clinical features associated with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. This disorder leads to neurobehavioral syndrome involving motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment and self-injurious behaviors (Mumues, 2015).    The clinical characteristics of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are defined by motor defection leading to neurological operation, cognitive and behavioral impairment, and also overproduction of uric acid or hyperuricemia (van der Zee et al., 1968). Moreover, neurological disturbance is majorly performed as hypotonia and developmental delay which are obviously expressed by three to six months. The children are interrupted in sitting and walking or require a wheelchair in severe condition. Additionally, the twitch of facial muscles and limbs can be observed in elder children. During the first ages, the extrapyramidal difficulties such as dystonia and choreoathetosis or the pyramidal difficulties like spasticity and hyperreflexia become noticeable (Jinnah and Friedmann, 2001). Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction and behavioral impairment occurring between two to three years old can lead to moderate or serious mental hindrance. Also, the continuous self-injurious behaviors such as biting the fingers or lips and hitting the head or limbs are the most distinctive behavioral symptom in patients (Nyhan, W. L, et al, 1968). Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is also characterized by overproduction of uric acid and this induces the decomposition of uric acid crystals in kidneys, ureters or bladder and the gouty arthritis can be developed later in the disorder (Page et al, 1987). Figure 2. The inheritance detects of Lesch- Nyhan syndrome. This X-linked recessive syndrome is solely for the male and the chance taken from the sons and daughters with either affected father and unaffected mother or unaffected father and carrier mother are showed (IFFA, 2016). Firstly, the Lesch- Nyhan syndrome is inherited in an X-linked recessive characteristic since the mutation of HPRT gene is positioned on the X chromosome and this disorder is described to the male only (Hoefnagel et al, 1965). More importantly, the X-linked inheritance determined that the X-linked character cannot be transferred from the father to the son. In this syndrome, the Lyon hypothesis can be adopted to demonstrate the mothers are heterozygous and the mosaics involve two cell cultures where one is entirely normal and another one is fully faulty (Migeon et al, 1968) . An investigation is examined that the fibroblasts developing in the cell populations from the skin were duplicated (Migeon, B. R, et al, 1968) and HGPRT deficiency in the negative duplication can be observed through radioautographical method. Furthermore, the halt of the X chromosome is not described as a random activity because HGPRT in the erythrocytes or leukocytes of obliged heterozygotes for this situation i s distinct with the glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency where the transportation of enzyme in heterozygotes is around 50%. It is indicated that the enzyme action in the erythrocytes of the mothers with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome are normal. Also, the blood-relative family in two kinds of G6PD and HGPRT (Nyhan, W. L.et al, 1970) are separating so this shows that females were heterozygous to G6PD. The reason why the males have more frequent chance to suffer from this X linked recessive syndrome than the females is because the males contain only one X chromosome and one changed copy of the gene is enough to lead to this syndrome and it is uncommon that females possess two changed copies of the gene Vogel (1977). It is examined that the father of a male patient is not the carrier of the mutated gene and also do not suffer from the syndrome. The chance taken from the siblings rely upon the carrier condition of the mother. Carrier women contain a 50% chance of passing on the HPRT1 variation in each gestation. The sons who receive that variation will be influenced and the daughters who obtain the variation are served as carriers. Hence, it can be concluded that a carrier mother has a one-fourth chance of getting an affected son, one-fourth chance of getting a carrier daughter and half chance of getting a normal son or daughter (Genetic Home Reference, 2007). Figure 3. Purine metabolism with de novo synthesis and salvage synthesis. The de novo purine synthesis is mobilized by the enzyme, PRPP amidotransferase, and the salvage pathway by hypoxanthine phosphorybosyltransferase (HPRT) and adenine phosphorybosyltransferase (APRT). HPRT catalyzes the salvage synthesis of inosine monophosphate, IMP, and guanosine monophosphate, GMP, from hypoxanthine and guanine particularly by using PRPP as a co-substrate. The HPRT deficiency leads to decomposition of hypoxanthine and guanine which are transformed into uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Purine overproduction, increase level of PRPP and decrease level of IMP and GMP are the results (Torres R J and Puig J G, 2007). Secondly, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome contributes to the molecular defects due to the mutation of HPRT1 gene which encrypts hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. This enzyme is used to recycle purines and is responsible for transferring hypoxanthine and guanine back into DNA synthesis which establish the cells to possess enough supply of building blocks and assemble DNA and RNA (Sweetman, L and Nyhan, W. L. 1972). The deficiency of HPRT map to chromosome Xq26-q27.2 and is likely to cause heterogenous mutations (Greene, M. L, et al, 1970). Also, it induces the increased level of purine nucleotides by purine salvage pathway. It leads to decomposition of uric acid because of the broken down but unrecycled purines and occurrence of excessive PRPP, resulting in the neurological and behavioral problems of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Kelley, W. N, 1968). The de novo pathway is initiated with the active form of ribose from ribose-5-phosphate to 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) and this synthesis discharges AMP. PRPP gives rise to the first nucleotide called inosine monophosphate (IMP) by an enzyme PRPP amidotransferase which serves as the rate-limiting step. Besides, IMP uses as a forerunner of AMP and GMP synthesis and the route of pathway is modulated by the higher level of particular nucleotide (Fox, I. H and Kelley, W. N, 1971). There are two main transferase enzymes involving in the purines salvage pathway. HPRT is responsible for catalyzing the hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate (IMP) and guanine to guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and another one is adenosine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT) which assembles adenine to AMP through transferring the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) (Keebaugh et al., 2007). The AMP, GMP, IMP are all catabolized to uric acid and particular mononucleotides is started with the transformation to the phosphate free nucleoside via cytosolic 5-nucleotidases. After that, the nitrogen is eliminated from adenosine to produce inosine with an enzyme, adenosine deaminase (ADA). The ribose is discarded from the nucleotides by purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) and create hypoxanthine, xanthine and guanine (Rubin, C. S.et al, 1969). The nitrogen is then eliminated from guanine through guanine deaminase and xanthine is produced. Eventually, hypoxanthine and xanthine are converted to the final product of purine catabolism called uric acid by xanthine oxidase (Kelley, W. N, et al, 1970). It can be concluded that HGPRT deficiency leads to higher level of PRPP because of its rate limiting function and decreased level of GMP and IMP, resulting in increased de novo purine synthesis and degradation of purines to contribute to the higher level of uric acid called hyperuricemia and cause Lesch-Nyhan syndrome (Rosenbloom, F. M, et al, 1968). Thirdly, the biochemical defects can be determined by the purine metabolism of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome and the metabolism can indicate the rate of uric acid synthesizing from 14C-labeled glycine (Sweetman, L. 1968). Also, the deficiency of HPRT contributes to the excessive purine synthesis and this enzyme acts as a regulating role in purine metabolism. The specific activity of the uric acid can be examined by the isolation and purification from urine. In the children with Lesch-Nyhan syndrome it is observed that accelerated specific activity in the uric acid obtain 20 times higher glycine concentration salvaged in uric acid than the control individuals (Nyhan, W. L.et al, 1968). Thus, it leads to the higher level of purine overproduction in patients. Besides, the rate of de novo synthesis of purine using fibroblasts grown in cell culture can be demonstrated (Seegmiller, J. E., et al, 1967). There is a significant relationship between asperity of disorder and recycle of hypoxanthine or guanine. The expressions of intracellular purines are normal within the fibroblasts with deficient HGPRT but purine depletion is apparent since the increased purine metabolites are discharged from cells. In addition, the normal purines were probable to cause a compensative increase in purine synthesis due to notable rising in purinosomes. Moreover, the purine de novo overproduction showing in this syndrome is an unsuccessful feedback regulation. The first step of the purine pathway is catalyzed by phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotmnsfemse and is dependent to feedback inhibition by adenine and guanine. 2-ethylamino-l,3,4-thiadiazole was used for the examination and the observation showed that uricogenic agent significantly increases the rate of purine synthesis in normal conditions but in the patients the rates of purine synthesis increase more intensely by this agent (Nyhan, W. L.et al, 1968). Furthermore, the existence of xanthinuria in patients with inborn deficiency of xanthine oxidase expresses the abnormalities in the central nervous system. In the cerebrospinal fluid (Sweetman, L. 1968) the xanthine levels are equivalent to the controls and the hypoxanthine level in patients with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome were greater than the controls by four times. Hence, Hypoxanthine and guanine recycling and the de novo pur ine synthesis are demonstrated to determine the biochemical abnormality of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. In conclusion, by the discussion of the inheritance, molecular and biochemical defects that determining the clinical trait correlated with the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, it is demonstrated that this X-linked recessive disorder is exclusive for males and is induced from the mutation of HGPRT gene which contributes to the overproduction of uric acid by purine salvage pathway and causes neurobehavioral problems of affected individuals (Rosenbloom, F. M.et al, 1968). For the future perspectives, although there is no treatment to cure this disorder, effective medications can be adopted to alleviate the symptoms such as managing the uric acid levels by allopurinol and reducing behavioral problems by taking diazepam or haloperidol appropriately (Genetics Home Reference, 2007). (Word count: 1639) References: Fox, I. H and Kelley, W. N. 1971. Ann. Intern. Med. 74:424-33  Genetics Home Reference, 2007. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. Retrieved on 24/5/2007. Greene, M. L and Boyle, J. A, 1970. Science 167:887- 89 Hoefnagel, D, et al, 1965. Hereditary choreoathetosis, self-mutilation and hyperuricemia in young males. New Eng. J. Med. 273: 130-135, 1965. IFFA, 2016. Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome on emaze. [digital image] Retrieved from: https://www.emaze.com/@ACFTIZWL/Lesch-Nyhan-Syndrome Jinnah, H. A and Friedmann, T. 2001. Lesch-Nyhan disease and its variants.In: Scriver, C. R.; Beaudet, A. L.; Sly, W. S.; Valle, D. (eds.): The Metabolic Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. Vol. II. (8th ed.) New York: McGraw-Hill (pub.) P. 2537. Kelley, W. N, 1968. Fed. Proc. 27: 1047-52 Keebaugh, A. C and Sullivan, R. T, 2007. NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Thomas, J. W. Gene duplication and inactivation in the HPRT gene family. Genomics 89: 134-142. Kelley, W. N, et al, 1970. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 21 5 :512-16 Lesch, M and Nyhan, W. L, 1964. Am. J. Med. 36:561-70 Mumues, 2015. Mental retardation. [digital image] Retrieved from: https://www.slideshare.net/mumues/mental-retardation-44326087 Migeon, B. R, et al, 1968. X-linked hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency: heterozygote has two clonal populations. Science 160: 425-427. Nyhan, W. L, 1967. Pediat. 67 :257-63 Nyhan, W. L, et al, 1968. Metabolism 17 :846-53 Nyhan, W. L, et al, 1970. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 65:214-18 Page, T, et al, 1987. Syndrome of mild mental retardation, spastic gait, and skeletal malformations in a family with partial deficiency of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase. Pediatrics 79: 713-717 Rubin, C. S, et al, 1969. J. Lab. Cfin. Med. 74:732-41 Rosenbloom, F. M, et al, 1968. Bioi. Chern. 243 : 1 166-73 Seegmiller, J. E, et al, 1967. Science 155: 1 682-84 Sweetman, L. 1968. Fed. Proc. 27 : 1 055-59 Sweetman, L and Nyhan, W. L. 1972. Arch. Intern. Med. 130:214-20 Torres R J and Puig J G, 2007. Hypoxanthaine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) deficiency: Lesch- Nyhan Syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2, 1. [digital image] Retrieved from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesch%E2%80%93Nyhan_syndrome#/media/File:HPRT_metabolism.jpg Vogel, F, 1977. A probable sex difference in some mutation rates. (Editorial) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 29: 312-319.   Ã‚  

The Old Man And The Sea :: essays research papers

The book The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, is about an old man, Santiago, and his genuine fondness of the sea. Every day he travels out to sea to go fishing which is his occupation. For the past eighty-four days the old man has not caught a single fish. On the eighty-fifth day he sails out to sea as usual, and this is the day that changes Santiago's life forever. He hooks an unusually immense marlin, and they have an agonizing battle for several days. Hemingway often compares Santiago with the younger fisherman and describes various particular parts about the beautiful sea. This allows the reader to learn that Santiago especially loves the sea and is unlike the other fisherman. While Santiago is going out to sea on the first morning, Hemingway includes numerous details about the setting. Some of the details are to inform the reader that the old man really enjoys and values the ocean. One way which Hemingway shows this is that Santiago refers to the sea as "la mar," a kind and beautiful yet sometimes cruel feminine creature. Younger fishermen refer to the sea as "el mar," which is masculine. Changing this to be masculine means that they do not feel that the sea has any beauty or significance other than for money. Another way that the author tells that the old man appreciates the ocean is in one of his descriptions in the book. "Most people are heartless about turtles because a turtle's heart will beat for hours after it has been cut up and butchered. But the old man thought, I have such a heart too and my feet and hands are like theirs." Since Santiago has spent so many years of his life at sea he sees the beauty of the sea and the beauty of its creatures. This is also noted in another quotation from the book, "The iridescent bubbles were beautiful. But they were the falsest thing in the sea and the old man loved to see the big sea turtles eating them." Santiago finds pleasure about everything in the sea, even after going a disappointing eighty-four days without a fish. All of these are examples of how much the old man appreciates the sea. Other details Hemingway uses are to show Santiago's loneliness. He creates an image that the ocean is practically the old man's home.